The famous advocate at the famous INA trials --- Bhulabhai Desai
Bhulabhai Desai (October 13, 1877 - May 6, 1946) was an Indian freedom fighter and acclaimed lawyer. He is well-remembered for his defense of the three Indian National Army soldiers accused of treason during World War II, and for attempting to negotiate a secret power-sharing agreement with Liaquat Ali Khan of the Muslim League.

The INA trials or the Red Fort Trials refer to the courts martial of a number of officers of the Indian National Army between November 1945 and May 1946 variously for treason, torture, murder and abetment to murder. The first, and most famous, of the approximately ten trials was held in the Red Fort in Delhi, hence deriving the name.

When three captured Indian National Army (INA) officers, Shahnawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sahgal and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon were put on trial for treason, the Congress formed a Defence committee composed of 17 advocates including Bhulabhai Desai. The court-martial hearing began in October 1945 at the Red Fort. Bhulabhai was the leading counsel for the defense. Undeterred by poor health, Bhulabhai made an emphatic and passionate argument in defense of the charged soldiers. He worked for three months at a stretch. He based his arguments on the principles of international law, arguing that the accused were entitled to take up arms to liberate their country under the order of the Provisional Government which Subhas Bose had established and which had the recognition of a few sovereign governments, and that the Indian Penal Code did not apply to their case. The judge nevertheless pronounced the three officers guilty and sentenced them to transportation for life.

9:26 PM | Category: | 0 comments

Mohammad Ali Jinnah & Partition of India




MOHAMMAD ALI JINNAH & PARTITION

Expelling Jaswant Singh from his party BJP proves that this party does not believe in the freedom of expression in India . Jaswant Singh is absolutely right that Jinnah was not the only person responsible for the Holocaust of 1947 Partition of India and there were other people also responsible for it

The fact is that the English Imperialists after the Second World War wanted to dismantle their worldwide empire and establish a friendly group of Nation States to which they later named as ‘Commonwealth’ to use them economically, politically and militarily.

In their scheme while withdrawing from India they wanted to keep their presence in the area to check the advancing communism from USSR and China down to India so they used Muslims to demand an independent homeland . Thus soon after the creation of Pakistan they got a large territory initially on 20 years lease near the Russian Border where they established a military base . It is a well known fact that once the Russians had shot down a U2 Spy Plane flying from this Pak base spying over their territory.

It is also an historical fact that Jinnah was a Nationalist and Congress Party supporter. Because Jinnah was not given prominent role in the Congress, he fell a prey and English lured him to be the first President of an independent Nation. Had Nehru and Gandhi offered him to be the first Prime Minister of India Jinnah would have made Muslim League in effective and worked for the United India. But Nehru and Gandhi did not give way .

It is now wrong to say that Jinnah alone was responsible for the Partition Holocaust . In fact all those people who signed the Partition agreement without consulting the people of India are equally responsible for the Holocaust. Had they refused to sign the agreement, the British alone would have not been successful in dismantling India the way they did.

Historically all the following people are responsible for the Partition Holocaust :-

(1).Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru ,

(2). Vallab Bhai Patel, and

(3). Achariya Jiwat Bhai Kriplani

who signed on behalf of the Congress i.e., for non Muslim people under the blessing of (4) Mohan Das Karam Chand Gandhi.

(5).Mohammad Ali Jinnah,

(6) Liaqat Ali Khan; and

(7) Abdul Rab Nishter

who signed for the Muslim League on behalf of the Muslim people.

(8) Sardar Baldev Singh

who signed on behalf of the Sikhs .

(9) Lord Atlee who engineered the scheme in the British Labour Party, and

(10) Lord Mountbatten who signed for the ruling English imperialists.





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9:02 PM | Category: | 0 comments

Indian Polity 2


Questionnaire No. 4
Instructions: Click the answer button to see the correct answer.
  1. The power to form new states or change the boundaries of existing states rests with
    1. the President
    2. the Parliament
    3. the Election Commissioner
    4. none of the above


  2. At present, India consists of
    1. 25 states and 9 union territories
    2. 24 states and 7 union territories
    3. 28 states and 7 union territories
    4. 21 states and 11 union territories
  3. The states were reorganised on linguistic basis in
    1. 1947
    2. 1951
    3. 1956
    4. 1966
  4. the first commission appointed by the Government in 1948 to examine the case for the reorganisation of states on linguistic basis was headed by
    1. Justice Wanchoo
    2. Justice M C Mahajan
    3. Justice S K Dhar
    4. None of the above
  5. The famous JVP Committee consisting of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel and Pattabhi Sitaramayya, was appointed in December 1948 to
    1. examine the case of establishment of secular polity in the country
    2. examine the issue of reorganisation of states on linguistic basis
    3. determine the compensation to be paid to the rulers of Indian states consequent to the merger of their states with India
    4. none
  6. Which state enjoys the distinction of being the first linguistic state of India?
    1. West Bengal
    2. Andhra Pradesh
    3. Tamil Nadu
    4. Punjab
  7. The States Reorganistion Commission, set up in 1953 to consider the demand for linguistic states, was headed by
    1. Fazl Ali
    2. K M Pannikar
    3. H N Kunzru
    4. M C Mahaja
  8. The States Reorganisation Act, 1956, divided the entire country into
    1. 22 states and 9 union territories
    2. 14 states and 6 union territories
    3. 17 states and 7 union territories
    4. none
  9. The correct chronological order in which the following states of India were created is:
    1. Andhra Pradesh
    2. Maharashtra
    3. Punjab
    4. Nagaland
  10. The Punjab Reorganisation Act, which created the states of Punjab and Haryana in 1966, was enacted on the basis of the recommendations of the
    1. Dhar Commission
    2. Dass Commission
    3. Shah Commission
    4. Mahajan Commission
  11. Which of the following states were initially given the status of autonomous state and subsequently made full-fledged states?
    1. Megahlaya and Sikkim
    2. Assam and Bihar
    3. Meghalaya and Jammu and Kashmir
    4. Nagaland and Assam
  12. The day to day administration of a union territory is looked after by
    1. the Union Home Minister
    2. the Lt. Governor
    3. the President
    4. a State Minister for Home Affairs
  13. the structure of administration in various union territories
    1. has been prescribed in the Constitution
    2. is determined by the Union Home Minister
    3. is determined by the Parliament
    4. is determined by the President
  14. The administrators of Union Territories are designated as
    1. Lieutenant Governor
    2. Chief Commissioners
    3. Administrators
    4. All of these
  15. The following states were created after 1960. Arrange them in ascending chronological order of their formation:
    1. Haryana
    2. Sikkim
    3. Nagaland
    4. Meghalaya
  16. For the Union Territories without legislative assemblies of their own, laws are passed by
    1. the Union Home Ministry
    2. the Parliament
    3. the President
    4. the Chief Administrator
  17. Which one of the following is the 28th state of the Union of India?
    1. Uttaranchal
    2. Jharkhand
    3. Chhattisgarh
    4. None of the above
  18. Which one of the following was a Union Territory before it was accorded the status of a full-fledged state?
    1. Himachal Pradesh
    2. Tripur
    3. Manipur
    4. All of the above
  19. Which one of the following has been wrongly listed as a Union Territory?
    1. Chandigarh
    2. Pondicherry
    3. Tripura
    4. None of the above
  20. Which one of the following is not treated as part of the Constitution?
    1. Preamble
    2. Fundamental Rights
    3. Directive Principles of State Policy
    4. Fundamental Duties
  21. The detailed provisions regarding acquisition and termination Indian Citizenship are contained in
    1. the Indian Independence Act, 1947
    2. the orders issued by the Provisional Government in 1946
    3. an act passed by the Indian Parliament in 1955
    4. Part VII of the Constitution
  22. Which of the following is not a condition for becoming a citizen of India?
    1. citizenship by birth
    2. citizenship by descent
    3. citizenship through acquisition of property
    4. citizenship by naturalisation
  23. Who is competent to prescribe conditions for acquisition of citizenship?
    1. Election Commission
    2. Parliament
    3. President
    4. Parliament and State Legislatures jointly
  24. What is the minim duration of stay essential before a person can apply for Indian citizenship?
    1. 3 years
    2. 5 years
    3. 7 years
    4. 10 years
  25. The Fundamental Rights of Indian Citizen are contained in
    1. Part III of the Constitution
    2. Part IV of the Constitution
    3. the 7th Schedule of the Constitution
    4. none of above
  26. The original Constitution classified the Fundamental Rights into seven categories but now there are only
    1. three categories
    2. four categories
    3. five categories
    4. six categories
  27. Which one of the following has been added to the list of original Fundamental Rigths?
    1. Right to Property
    2. Right to Constitutional Remedies
    3. Right to Freedom of Religion
    4. Right to Free and Compulsory Primary Education
  28. Which one of the following has been wrongly listed as a Fundamental Right?
    1. Right to Property
    2. Right to Constitutional Remedies
    3. Right to Move Freely throughout the Country
    4. Right to Assemble Peacefully
  29. Which one of the following is not a Fundamental Right?
    1. Right of Strike
    2. Right against Exploitation
    3. Right to Equality
    4. Right to Freedom of Religion
  30. Which one of the following has ceased to be a Fundamental Right?
    1. Right to Constitutional Remedies
    2. Right to Property
    3. Right to Freedom of Speech
    4. All of the above
  31. Which one of the following Fundamental Rights has been subject of maximum litigation since the inauguration of the Constitution?
    1. Right to Freedom of Speech
    2. Right to Constitutional Remedies
    3. Right to Property
    4. Right against Exploitation
  32. Right to Private Property was dropped from the list of Fundamental Rights by the
    1. 42nd Amendment
    2. 44th Amendment
    3. 52nd Amendment
    4. None
  33. The Fundamental Rights of the Indian citizens were
    1. incorporated in the original Constitution
    2. outlined in an Act of Parliament passed in 1952
    3. incorporated by the 42nd Amendment
    4. incorporated by the 44th Amendment
  34. Which one of the following Fundamental Rights was described by Dr. B R Ambedkar as "the heart and soul of the Constitution"?
    1. Right to Equality
    2. Right to Religion
    3. Right to Constitutional Remedies
    4. All of the above
  35. The Right to Equality
    1. prevents the state from making special provision for women, children and backward classes
    2. permits the state to make discrimination on ground of residence
    3. permits the state to make special provisions for women, children and backward classes
    4. permits the state to nationalise all means of production and distribution
  36. Right to Freedom can be restricted
    1. in the interest of security of the state
    2. in the interest of friendly relations with foreign states
    3. in the the interest of public order
    4. on the all the above noted grounds
  37. Which one of the following freedoms enshrined in Article 19 of the Constitution has since been abolished?
    1. freedom to assemble peacefully without arms
    2. freedom to acquire, hold and dispose of property
    3. freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country
    4. freedom to carry on any profession, occupation, trade or business
  38. The Right against Exploitation prohibits
    1. traffic in human beings
    2. begar
    3. employment of children below 14 years of age in factories, mines etc
    4. all the above
  39. The Fundamental Rights of Indian citizen
    1. can be suspended by the President during national emergency
    2. can be suspended by the President during all types of emergencies
    3. can by suspended by the President with prior approval of the Supreme Court at any time
    4. cannot be suspended under any condition
  40. The Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens have been criticised on the ground that
    1. they are hemmed in by too many restrictions
    2. they are couched in language beyond the comprehension of ordinary citizens
    3. they are absolute
    4. both a and b
  41. Which one of the following Fundamental Rights is restrained by the Preventive Detention Act?
    1. Right to Religion
    2. Right to Constitutional Remedies
    3. Right to Freedom
    4. Right to Equality
  42. The power to impose reasonable restrictions on the Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens rest with
    1. the Supreme Court
    2. the Parliament
    3. the President
    4. none of the above
  43. Who has been vested with the power to decide whether the restrictions imposed on the Fundamental Rights of Indian citizen are reasonable or not?
    1. the Parliament
    2. the President
    3. the Courts
    4. none
  44. The Government of Indian instituted Bharat Ratna and Padma Shri awards under
    1. Article 14 of the Constitution
    2. Article 18 of the Constitution
    3. Article 25 of the Constitution
    4. None of the above
  45. Which one of the following rights conferred by the Constitution is also available to non-citizens?
    1. freedom of speech, assembly and association
    2. freedom to move, reside and settle in any part of the territory of India
    3. freedom to acquire property or to carry on any occupation, trade or business
    4. right to constitutional remedies
  46. Which one of the following has been wrongly listed as a special feature of Fundamental Rights in India?
    1. Fundamental Rights are more sacrosanct than rights granted by ordinary laws
    2. Fundamental Rights are subject to reasonable restrictions
    3. Fundamental Rights are justicable and can be enforced through the Supreme Court
    4. None of these
  47. Which of the following statements with regard to compulsory singing of national anthem is/are correct?
    1. It be violative of the right to freedom of speech and expression
    2. It will be violative of the freedom of conscience and practice and propagation of religion
    3. There is no legal provision obliging any one to sing the national anthem
  48. Under the provisions of which Article of the Constitution of government abolished the practice of untouchability?
    1. Article 16
    2. Article 17
    3. Article 18
    4. Article 20
  49. In 1996, the Supreme Court upheld the validity of civilian awards, but recommended that the total awards to be given each year in all categories should be restricted to
    1. 40
    2. 50
    3. 60
    4. 75
  50. The Sikhs in India are permitted to carry "Kirpan"(knife). Under which one of the following Fundamental Rights they are permitted to do so?
    1. right to freedom
    2. right to freedom of religion
    3. right to life and liberty
    4. none of the above

10:40 AM | Category: | 0 comments

Indian Polity 1

  1. Freedom to speech under the Indian Constitution is subject to reasonable restrictions on the grounds of protection of
    1. sovereignty and integrity of the country
    2. the dignity of the office of the Prime Minister
    3. the dignity of the council of minister
    4. all the above
  2. At present, right to property is a
    1. Legal Right
    2. Human Right
    3. Fundamental Right
    4. Natural Right
  3. The main objective of the cultural and educational rights granted to the citizens is
    1. to preserve the rich cultural heritage of India
    2. to evolve a single integrated Indian culture
    3. to help the minorities to conserve their culture
    4. all the above
  4. Under the Indian Constitution, the responsibility for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights rests with
    1. the High Courts
    2. all District Courts
    3. the Supreme Court
    4. both a and c
  5. A person can move the Supreme Court directly in the event of violation of Fundamental Rights under
    1. Article 19
    2. Article 32
    3. Article 34
    4. None
  6. The Fundamental Rights of a citizen can be suspended
    1. by the Parliament through a law enacted by two-third majority
    2. by the President during a national emergency
    3. by the Supreme Court
    4. none of the above
  7. For the enforcement of Fundamental Rights, the courts can issue
    1. a decree
    2. an ordinance
    3. a writ
    4. a notification
  8. Which Fundamental Right granted by the Constitution prohibits traffic in human beings?
    1. right to equality
    2. right against exploitation
    3. right to freedom
    4. none of above
  9. Legal Equality under the Indian Constitution implies that
    1. the state cannot enact different laws for different groups of people
    2. every body id equal before law
    3. there should be equality amongst equals and inequality among unequals
    4. there should be no special law for any category of people
  10. Right to Property was eliminated from the list of Fundamental Rights during the tenure of
    1. Indira Gandhi
    2. Charan Singh
    3. Rajiv Gandhi
    4. Morarji Desai
  11. Which authority can citizen approach for securing right of personal freedom?
    1. the Parliament
    2. the President
    3. Supreme Court alone
    4. both Supreme Court and High Courts
  12. Which one of the following rights is/are available only to the citizens within the territory of India?
    1. freedom of speech
    2. right to form associations or unions
    3. equality before law
    4. freedom to assemble peacefully without arms
  13. The Constitution grants right against exploitation to
    1. Children
    2. Women
    3. Tribals
    4. Dalits
  14. Writs can be issued for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights by
    1. the Parliament
    2. the President
    3. the Supreme Court
    4. all the above
  15. Which one of the following is a bulwark of personal freedom?
    1. Mandamus
    2. Habeas Corpus
    3. Quo Warranto
    4. Certiorari
  16. Which of the following can amend the Fundamental Rights granted by the Constitution?
    1. the President
    2. the Supreme Court
    3. the Parliament
    4. none
  17. The main objective of the Fundamental Rights is to
    1. ensure independence of judiciary
    2. promote a socialist pattern of society
    3. ensure individual liberty
    4. all the above
  18. Under the Indian Constitution, a citizen
    1. cannot be deprived of his life and liberty under any condition
    2. can be deprived of life and liberty by the President during emergency
    3. can be deprived of life and liberty only in accordance with the procedure established by law
    4. none of the above
  19. The writ of Habeas Corpus is issued
    1. by a superior court to the lower court directing it to transfer the record of proceedings in a case for its review
    2. in the form of an order calling upon a person who has detained another person to bring that person before court and show authority for such detention
    3. by a superior court to a subordinate court to do something in the nature of its allotted duty
    4. in the form an order to stop proceedings in a certain case
  20. The writ of Quo Warranto is an order from a superior court
    1. whereby it can call upon a person to show under what authority he is holding the office
    2. directing to produce a person detained by an official before the nearest court within 24 hours
    3. to an inferior court to stop proceedings in a particular case
    4. to the lower court to transfer a case pending before it to the superior court for trial
  21. The writ of Mandamus is issued by a superior court
    1. to command a person or public authority to do something in the nature of public duty
    2. to produce an illegally detained person before a court within 24 hours
    3. to command a person or public authority to stop proceedings in a case in national interest
    4. in all the above cases
  22. The writ of Certiorari is issued by a superior court
    1. to command a person or public authority to do something in the nature of public duty
    2. to an inferior court to transfer the record of proceedings in a case for its review
    3. to command a person or public authority to stop proceedings in a case in national interest
    4. in all the above cases
  23. Which of the following writs literally means 'you may have the body'?
    1. Habeas Corpus
    2. Mandamus
    3. Quo Warranto
    4. Certiorari
  24. A writ of Prohibition is issued by a superior court
    1. to prevent an inferior court or tribunal from exceeding its jurisdiction or acting contrary to the rules and natural justice
    2. to an inferior court or body excercising judicial or quasi-judicial functions to transfer the record of proceedings in a case for its review
    3. whereby it can call upon a person to show under what authority he is holding the office
    4. to an authority to produce an illegally detained person before the court for trial
  25. Which one the following writs literally means 'what is your authority'?
    1. Habeas Corpus
    2. Mandamus
    3. Quo Warranto
    4. Certiorari
  26. Fundamental Duties of the Indian citizens were
    1. enshrined in the original Constitution
    2. added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment
    3. added to the Constitution by the 44the Amendment
    4. added to the Constitution in the wake of the Supreme Court judgment in Keshavananda Bharati case, with the consent of all the political parties
  27. The Fundamental Duties of citizens
    1. lie scattered throughout the Constitution
    2. are contained in Part IV-A of the Constitution
    3. are contained in Schedule IX of the Constitution
    4. are contained in the Presidential order issued in 1979
  28. Which one of the following has been wrongly listed as a duty of Indian citizens.
    1. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and intergrity of the country
    2. to promoter harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among the people of India
    3. to practice family planning and control population
    4. to protect and preserve the natural environment
  29. The Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens were incorporated in the Constitution in
    1. 1952
    2. 1976
    3. 1979
    4. 1981
  30. Fundamental Duties were incorporated in the Constitution to
    1. prevent misuse of Fundamental Rights
    2. curb subversive and unconstitutional activities
    3. curb the growing power of the executive
    4. make the Fundamental Rights more meaningful
  31. What is the main sanction behind the Fundamental Duties?
    1. legal
    2. social
    3. moral
    4. all the above
  32. The Directive Principles of State Policy are contained in
    1. Part III of the Constitution
    2. Part IV of the Constitution
    3. Schedule VII of the Constitution
    4. None of the above
  33. The Directive Principles aim at
    1. ensuring individual liberty
    2. ensuring strengthening of the country's independence
    3. providing a social and economic base for genuine democracy in the cournty
    4. achieving all the above objectives
  34. The Directive Principles are
    1. positive instructions to the government to work for the attainment of se objectives
    2. negative injunctions to the government to refrain from encroaching on the freedom of the people
    3. directive to the state to enhance the international prestige of the country
    4. directives to the government to pursue a policy of non-alignment
  35. Which one of the following amendments accorded precedence to the Directive Principles over Fundamental Rights?
    1. 24th Amendment
    2. 39th Amendment
    3. 42nd Amendment
    4. 44the Amendment
  36. In which part of the Constitution does the concept of welfare state find elaboration?
    1. Preamble
    2. Fundamental Rights
    3. Directive Principles of State Policy
    4. All the above
  37. The Directive Principles of State Polciy are
    1. justiciable
    2. non-justiciable
    3. only some Directive Principles are justiciable
    4. none of the above
  38. Who said in the Constituent Assembly that the Directive Principles of State Policy are like a 'cheque on a bank payable at the convenience of the bank'?
    1. Jawaharlal Nehru
    2. K T Shah
    3. B R Ambedkar
    4. K M Munshi
  39. Under the Directive Principles of State Policy, the state is expected to provide free and compulsory education to all children up to the age of
    1. 14
    2. 14
    3. 15
    4. 16
  40. Which one of the following is a Directive Principle of State Policy?
    1. The state shall not deny to any person equality before law
    2. The stat shall no discriminate against any person on grounds of religion, race, caster, sex or place of birth
    3. Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form shall be punishable by law
    4. The state shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment
  41. The 42nd Amendment made additions to the Directive Principles with regard to which of the following three matters
    1. Participation of workers in the management of industry
    2. Minimising inequality in income and status
    3. Protection of the environment
    4. Free legal aid to the poor
  42. Article 40 of the Constitution of India states that "The State shall take steps to organise X and endow them with such powers and authority, as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self government." In this statement X stands for
    1. Village Panchayats
    2. Zila Parishads
    3. Inter State Council
    4. None
  43. The Directive Principles of State Policy seek
    1. to establish the supremacy of the Constitution
    2. to curb the authoritarian rule
    3. to strengthen judiciary
    4. to make the Constitution an instrument of social change
  44. The enforcement of the Directive Principles of State Policy depends upon
    1. the resources available with the government
    2. the will of the government in power
    3. the judiciary
    4. all the above
  45. Which one of the following wanted the Directive Principles of State Policy to be the basis of all future legislation?
    1. B R Ambedkar
    2. Jawaharlal Nehru
    3. K M Munshi
    4. B N Rau
  46. In the event of non-enforcement of the Directive Principles of State Policy by the government, the citizen can approach
    1. the High Court
    2. the Supreme Court
    3. any court
    4. none of these
  47. Assertion A: The Directive Principles of State Policy enshrined in the Constitution of India aim at providing the social and economic base of genuine democracy.
    Reason R:     The Directive Principles are merely directives which the government has to keep in mind while framing policy and are not enforceable through courts.
    1. both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
    2. both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A
    3. A is true but R is false
    4. A is false but R is true
  48. Which of the following statements regarding the Directive Principles of State Policy is/are correct?
    1. The framers of the Constitution borrowed the Directive Principles from the Government of India Act, 1935
    2. The Directive Principles aim at realising the high ideals of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity enshrined in the preamble to the Constitution
    3. The Directive Principles have to be kept in mind by the government while formulating policy and framing laws
    4. The Directive Principles are justiciable
  49. Which amendment of the Constitution sought to enhance the importance of the Directive Principles by providing that no law passed to give effect to Directive Principles of State Policy contained in Articles 39(b) and 39 (c) shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it abridges the rights conferred by Articles 14 and 19?
    1. 24th amendment
    2. 45th amendment
    3. 42nd amendment
    4. 44th amendment
  50. Which amendment of the Constitution accorded precedence to the Directive Principles of State Policy over the Fundamental Rights?
    1. 39th amendment
    2. 42nd amendment
    3. 44th amendment
    4. none of the above

10:37 AM | Category: | 0 comments