tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33910090725168165152024-03-12T20:29:32.392-07:00CIVIL SERVICESDurga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.comBlogger171125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-12295685362144687802017-08-23T04:41:00.000-07:002017-08-23T04:41:15.816-07:00Civil service Prelims Handbook<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Civil service Prelims Handbook</h2>
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Durga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-46816933049356421722014-08-19T06:13:00.002-07:002014-08-19T06:13:22.822-07:00Albert Einstein --- The Father of Quantum Theory --- A short Biography<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<strong><br />Albert Einstein</strong>'s name has become synonymous with genius but his contributions to science might have been cut short had he stayed in <strong>Germany</strong>, where he was born on March 14, 1879.</div>
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It was 1933 and a charismatic politician called <strong>Adolf Hitler </strong>had just become Chancellor.</div>
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Einstein, a Jew, learned that his name was on a <strong>Nazi </strong>list of people earmarked for assassination and a bounty had been put on his head.</div>
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One German magazine even included him on a list of enemies of the state under the phrase: “Not yet hanged.”</div>
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He had already been used to being something of a migrant as, by the age of 17, his parents had already taken him to live in <strong>Italy </strong>and <strong>Switzerland</strong>, where he began training to be a physics and maths teacher in 1896.<br /></div>
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Einstein qualified and became a Swiss citizen but couldn't find a teaching job so began work as an assistant in the Swiss Patent Office in 1901, where he was passed over for promotion because he had not got to grips with “machine technology”.</div>
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However, much of his work was linked to the synchronizing of time by mechanical and electrical means, which sowed the seeds that would later transform the understanding of the universe.</div>
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His first theoretical paper – on the capillary forces of a straw – was published in a respected journal that same year and by 1905 he was awarded his doctorate by the <strong>University of Zurich</strong>.</div>
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The scientist’s work began to pour out of him – by the end of that year, he published no less than four revolutionary papers on matter and energy; the photoelectric effect; Brownian motion; and the idea that perhaps defined him most of all – special relativity.</div>
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Despite the acclaim that he began to accrue, he continued working at the patent office until 1909.</div>
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Two years later his work on relativity made him world famous when he concluded that the trajectory of light arriving on Earth from a star would be bent by the gravity of the <strong>Sun</strong>.</div>
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His conclusions ripped up the ideas of <strong>Newtonian mechanics </strong>which had stood since the 17th century.</div>
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<img align="left" alt="Quote" height="40" src="http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01817/quotes_1817837a.gif" style="border: 0px; display: inline; overflow: hidden; padding-right: 10px;" width="45" /><i>They are modest, intelligent, considerate and have a feel for art. [Einstein on the Japanese]</i></div>
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He returned to Germany where he held several prestigious positions, including president of the <strong>German Physical Society</strong>.</div>
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By 1921, his groundbreaking theories had transformed the basics of modern physics and he was awarded the <strong>Nobel Prize</strong>.</div>
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However, it was not given for his most famous work, that of relativity, because it remained too controversial.</div>
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Instead, the judges used his explanation of the photoelectric effect to explain the award.</div>
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The famous scientist began to lecture worldwide and travelled to <strong>Singapore</strong>, <strong>Sri Lanka</strong>, <strong>Palestine </strong>and <strong>Japan</strong>, where he spoke before the emperor and declared: “Of all the people I have met, I like the Japanese most, as they are modest, intelligent, considerate and have a feel for art.”</div>
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Wherever he went by this stage he was greeted like a head of state or a rock star, with crowds thronging to hear him and cannons fired to salute his arrival.</div>
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The rise of Hitler and Nazism persuaded him to move to the US, where he later shed his avowal of pacifism and wrote to <strong>President Roosevelt </strong>urging him to press ahead with construction of a nuclear bomb to ensure the Germans did not get there first.</div>
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<img align="left" alt="Quote" height="40" src="http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01817/quotes_1817837a.gif" style="border: 0px; display: inline; overflow: hidden; padding-right: 10px;" width="45" /><i>There was always with him a wonderful purity at once childlike and profoundly stubborn. [Robert Oppenheimer on Einstein]</i></div>
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He later said this letter was his life’s biggest regret because nuclear weapons had such a fierce capacity for destruction.</div>
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He began work at <strong>Princeton University </strong>and became a US citizen in 1940 (his third passport) where he was a strident critic of racism, calling it America’s “worst disease”.</div>
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Albert Einstein died of internal bleeding on April 17, 1955, aged 76, which was marked with headlines around the world.</div>
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But his story did not end there - his brain was removed by the pathologist to try to understand what made him so intelligent.</div>
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At his memorial, <strong>Robert Oppenheimer</strong>, the developer of the atomic bomb which Einstein had backed, said: “He was almost wholly without sophistication and wholly without worldliness.</div>
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“There was always with him a wonderful purity at once childlike and profoundly stubborn.”</div>
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Durga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-82980551950573470052014-05-17T12:24:00.003-07:002014-05-17T12:24:40.360-07:00World War II<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US">World War II<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US">World War II, which began in 1939 and ended
in 1945, was the deadliest and most destructive war in history. Before the war,
Germany, America, and the rest of the world were going through the Great
Depression. The economy was very bad, unemployment was at an all-time high, and
massive inflation caused money to lose its value. More than fifty nations in
the world were fighting, with more than 100 million soldiers deployed.
Countries like America and Britain were part of the Allied powers. Japan and
Germany were part of the Axis powers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Second World War was fought from 1939 to
1945. It was started in </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Europe in earnest on September 1, 1939 with the invasion of Poland by
Nazi Germany, and concluded on September 2, 1945, with the official surrender
of the last Axis nation, Japan.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>However,
in Asia the war began earlier with Japanese interventions in China, and in
Europe, the war ended earlier with the unconditional surrender of Germany on
May 8, 1945. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The origins of
the Second World War are generally viewed as being traced back to the First
World War (1914-1918). In that war Germany under the ultra-nationalistic Kaiser
Wilhelm II along with its allies, had been defeated by a combination of the
United Kingdom, United States, France, Russia and others. The war was directly
blamed by the victors on the militant nationalism of the Kaiser's Germany; it
was Germany that effectively started the war with an attack on France through
Belgium. France, which had suffered a previous defeat at the hands of Prussia
(a state that merged one year later with others to form Germany) in the
Franco-Prussian War in 1870, demanded revenge for its financial devastation
during the First World War (and its humiliation in the earlier war) ensured
that the various peace treaties, specifically the Treaty of Versailles imposed
tough financial reparations and restrictions on Germany.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">A new
democratic German republic, known as the Weimar Republic, came into being.
After some success it was hit by hyperinflation and other serious economic
problems. Right wing nationalist elements under a variety of movements, but
most notably the Nazi Party of Adolf Hitler, sought to blame Germany's
"humiliating" status on the harshness of the post-war settlement, on
the weakness of democratic government, and on the Jews, whom it claimed
possessed a financial stranglehold on Germany. Hitler was appointed
Reichskanzler (Chancellor) on January 30, 1933, by the aged President von
Hindenburg. Hitler's government exercised much of its power through the special
emergency powers possessed by the President under the constitution. Under a
further disastrous clause in the Weimar constitution when the President died,
his office was temporarily assumed by the Chancellor.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Hitler ensured his possession of the
presidential powers became permanent and so gained dictatorial control over
Germany.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The Italian
economy also fell into a deep slump following World War I. Anarchists were
endemic, Communist and other Socialist agitators abounded among the trade
unions, and many were gravely worried that a Bolshevik-style Communist
revolution was imminent. After a number of liberal governments failed to rein
in these threats, Italy's King Victor Emmanuel III invited right-wing
politician Benito Mussolini and his Fascist Party to form a government in 1922,
following their largely symbolic Marca su Roma (March on Rome).<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Within a few years, Mussolini had
consolidated dictatorial power, and Italy became a police state.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Meanwhile in Germany, once political
consolidation (Gleichschaltung) was in place, the Nazis turned their attention
to foreign policy with several increasingly daring acts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">On March 16,
1935, the Versailles Treaty was violated as Hitler ordered Germany to re-arm.
Germany also reintroduced military conscription (the treaty stated that the
German Army should not exceed 100,000 men).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">These steps
produced nothing more than official protests from Britain and France, for they
were more serious about enforcing the economic provisions of the treaty than
its military restrictions. Many Brits felt the restrictions placed on Germany
in Versailles had been too harsh, and they believed that Hitler's aim was
simply to undo the extremes of the treaty, not to go beyond that. Faced with no
opposition, Hitler moved troops into the Rhineland on March 7, 1936. Under the
Versailles treaty, the Rhineland should have been demilitarized, for France
wanted it for a buffer between herself and Germany. But, as before, Hitler's
defiance was met with inaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The first
German conquest was Austria. After Italy had joined the Anti-Comintern Pact,
thereby removing the main obstacle of a Anschluss of Austria, Germany announced
the annexation on March 12, 1938, making it a German province: "Gau
Ostmark." With Austria secured, Hitler turned his attention to
Czechoslovakia. His first order of business was to seize the Sudetenland, a
mountainous area in northeast part of the country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Italy, facing
opposition to its wars in Abyssinia (Ethiopia) from the League of Nations,
forged an alliance with Nazi Germany, which had withdrawn from the League in
1933. In May of 1939, Italy and Germany thus formed the Pact of Steel, which
deepened their alliance and established a Rome-Berlin "Axis."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Several months
after Germany’s annexation of the Sudetenland, on August 23, 1939, a fateful
meeting occurred in Moscow between German foreign minister Joachim von
Ribbentrop and Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov. Afterward, they
announced publicly that Germany and the USSR had signed the German-Soviet
Nonaggression Pact to prevent hostilities between the two countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">However, the
ministers kept secret the fact that, in addition to agreeing not to attack each
other, Germany and the USSR had also agreed to overrun the countries that lay
between them. Specifically, they agreed that Germany and the USSR would each
take over one half of Poland, with a further provision that the USSR would take
over Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia without German interference.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Germany’s
invasion of Poland came quickly and with overwhelming force. The attack began
on September 1, 1939, with heavy air strikes followed by a rapidly advancing
ground invasion. Hitler referred to the strategy as blitzkrieg, or “lightning
war.” The object of the blitzkrieg strategy was to shock the opponent so
severely that there would be little resistance, allowing the country to be
overrun quickly, with minimal German losses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The primary
obstacle to the German invasion force proved to be the Polish capital of
Warsaw, which did not surrender until September 27, after a prolonged siege. By
this time, all of western Poland was firmly under German control. Rather than
rush straight to Warsaw and topple the government Germany’s forces moved
relatively slowly, focusing much of their energy on targets that were neither
military nor political in nature. They sought not just to destroy the Polish
government but also to obliterate the Polish people. In the first days and
weeks of the war, both Jewish and non-Jewish civilians were killed regardless
of whether they resisted. Villages and towns were burned, and fleeing survivors
were ruthlessly chased down and shot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Just two weeks
after the German invasion began, Soviet troops invaded Poland from the east, on
September 17, 1939. It took them only two days to push far enough to meet German
troops advancing from the west. By this time, Germany had already taken most of
Poland except for Warsaw, which was under siege. Upon meeting the Russian
troops, the Germans handed over large numbers of prisoners and promptly pulled
back to the line agreed upon in the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact.
Retreating Polish armies, unaware that the USSR was part of Germany’s
occupation plan, fled directly into Russian hands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Britain and
France—which were soon labeled the Allied Powers, just as they had been in
World War I—both declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939, just two days
after Germany began its invasion of Poland. However, aside from basic defensive
preparations, neither country took significant action for several months. This
period of relative calm has been sarcastically labeled the “Sitzkrieg,” or
sitting war—a play on blitzkrieg. Rather
than make an offensive move of their own, the Allies waited for the expected
German attack on Belgium and France. It would not come for many months, until the
late spring of 1940.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">After months
of inaction, the first sign that Hitler was again on the move came in early
April 1940. On April 9, German troops simultaneously took Copenhagen, the
capital of Denmark, and landed on the coast of Norway. Denmark gave in almost
immediately. In Norway, although the capital at Oslo was quickly taken and a
puppet government set up, a strong resistance movement supported by Britain and
France continued to fight the Germans for two months. The combat was generally
limited to the less densely populated areas in the north of the country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">After months
of nervous speculation, Germany brought war to Western Europe on May 10</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">, 1940,
with the primary goal of conquering France. While the main French army was
trapped between the two German armies, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
was being pushed to the coast near the French port of Dunkirk. With the BEF
cornered with its back to the sea, and with little hope of reuniting with
French forces, the British government decided that the BEF had to be evacuated.
The evacuation, called Operation Dynamo, began on May 27, 1940. It took a full
week to accomplish, using more than 800 civilian and military sea vessels. In
all, more than 300,000 men were brought back across the English Channel to
British soil. The feat was heroic—it was done under nearly constant bombardment
from the Luftwaffe—but it left France completely on its own.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">With the
British out of the way, the Germans began their final push against France.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">During this
time, the British vigorously encouraged France to resist at all costs. The new
British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, even flew to Paris himself to offer
his personal encouragement.</span><span lang="EN-US"> A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">t the same time, though, the British government
denied French requests for military assistance, wanting to conserve strength
for Britain’s own defense in the near future.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">On June 22,
1940, France signed an armistice with Germany. Hitler insisted that it be done
in the same railway car in which Germany had surrendered to France in 1918, at the
end of World War I. On June 23, Hitler flew to Paris for a brief sightseeing
tour of the occupied city, during which a widely published photo was taken of
Hitler standing against the backdrop of the Eiffel Tower.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">France fell
primarily due to mistaken assumptions about how the attack would be carried
out. Germany’s advance through the Ardennes Forest was not anticipated, and
even when French intelligence received word of it, they took little action
because they did not believe that German tanks could make their way through a
dense forest. Thus, the core of the French forces, reinforced by the British,
was sent into Belgium, where the main attack was incorrectly expected to take
place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">After France
fell, the British government was certain that Germany’s next move would be
against the United Kingdom. These fears were confirmed when British
intelligence intercepted coded German radio transmissions that made it clear
that an invasion of Britain was imminent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The Battle of
Britain marked the first turning point in the war, as it was the first time
that German forces failed to achieve a major goal. The Royal Air Force’s strong
and effective resistance caused Hitler to abandon the idea of invading Britain
and to turn his attention to Russia. It demonstrated to the world that with
enough stubborn resistance, Hitler could be forced back.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">On June 10,
1940, Italy declared war on France and Britain, largely because its Fascist
prime minister, Benito Mussolini, had territorial and imperial ambitions of his
own. At this time, Britain had already evacuated from Dunkirk, and German
troops were moving steadily toward Paris—which meant it was too late for
Italian forces to take a serious part in the battle. Hitler himself observed
with annoyance that the Italians were in effect riding on his coattails so as
to share in the spoils without having to take part in the dirty work.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Nevertheless,
Germany and Italy were soon allied together as the Axis Powers, and Italy’s
entrance into the war set off a chain reaction that brought war to much of the
Mediterranean region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">By March 1941,
the situation for the Italians had deteriorated so badly that Hitler was
finally forced to step in. This decision raised a new problem, however, in that
neutral Yugoslavia refused to grant German forces permission to cross its
territory. Therefore, on April 6, Germany invaded Yugoslavia using its standard
blitzkrieg method. Yugoslavia surrendered on April 17, and the German forces
quickly moved onward to Greece.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">By this time,
Britain had forces on the ground in Greece to help the fight against the
Germans. The British help was not enough, however, and by the end of April, all
British forces had evacuated Greece, and the country fell totally under German
control.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The initial
German invasion of the Soviet Union was known as Operation Barbarossa. It began
on June 22, 1941, after months of delay and years of planning. The general
goals were to gain more land for Germany, control the oil fields of Azerbaijan,
and exterminate Bolshevism—the radical Communism that Vladimir Lenin had
installed in Russia during the Russian Revolution. Moreover, Hitler wanted to
exterminate the “racially inferior” Russian people from Leningrad, Moscow, and
the rest of the western USSR while pushing the rest of the population eastward
beyond the Ural Mountains.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">After the
battle, little of the city itself remained, and it would not be reconstructed
fully for decades. Despite the catastrophic losses, the Soviet victory stood as
solid proof to the world that the Third Reich was not invincible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">In the years
prior to the outbreak of World War II in Europe, tensions were also escalating
in the Pacific region. Japan, which had been at war with China since 1937, had
declared openly its intent to take over as much of eastern Asia as it could. It
also had serious ambitions toward taking territory in the Soviet Union.</span><span lang="EN-US"> T</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">he signing of
the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact in 1939 caused a huge scandal in Japan, as
it directly undermined Japan’s plans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">In the
meantime, the United States was becoming more and more of a problem for Japan.
Throughout the 1930s, the United States and many European nations, suffering
from the Great Depression, enacted high protective tariffs. These tariffs
greatly curbed Japanese exports and heightened the effects of their own
economic depression. The poor economic conditions caused strong anti-Western
sentiment in Japan and were a strong factor in forcing the Japanese invasion of
China.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">In July 1939,
President Franklin D. Roosevelt decided not to renew the 1911 U.S.-Japan Treaty
of Commerce and Navigation, which was due to expire in January 1940. Then, on
July 2, 1940, the U.S. Congress passed the Export Control Act. Together, these
two actions effectively eliminated Japan’s primary source of oil, scrap metal,
and other material resources needed for war. Although Japan was still smarting
from the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, the United States’ actions were
enough to overcome this resentment, and on September 27, 1940, Japan signed the
Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy. The pact made the three nations
official allies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">U.S.
intelligence services had direct access to Japanese coded transmissions, so
U.S. officials were well aware that the Japanese were planning something
against them—they just did not know precisely what. One man in particular,
Admiral Richmond K. Turner, strongly urged that U.S. forces be placed on a
higher state of alert, as he was particularly concerned about the U.S. Navy
base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. During previous U.S. war games and exercises, Pearl
Harbor had proven highly vulnerable to surprise attacks. Although Turner’s
advice was considered, only some of his recommendations were implemented.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">As early as
January 1941, Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku developed a plan for attacking the U.S.
fleet at Pearl Harbor and carried out training exercises to prepare
specifically for such an attack. In October, the Japanese emperor, Hirohito,
gave his general approval for action against the United States and, on November
8, approved the specific Pearl Harbor attack plan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The first wave
arrived at the U.S. Navy base at Pearl Harbor at 7:55 A.M. on December 7, 1941
and achieved complete surprise; only nine Japanese planes were lost. The
primary targets were major U.S. warships, most of which were docked close
together in neat lines. These included eight of the nine battleships in the
U.S. Pacific Fleet, along with several dozen other warships. The Japanese also
targeted six nearby military airfields. A second attack wave of more than 160
planes followed just over an hour later. By this time, the Americans were well
alerted and managed to bring down twenty Japanese planes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">In all, the
attack on Pearl Harbor killed 2,402 Americans, destroyed five battleships
completely, put three more out of commission, sank or seriously damaged at
least eleven other warships, and destroyed nearly more than 180 aircraft on the
ground. The only good luck the U.S. Navy had was that none of its aircraft
carriers were in port at the time and that the Japanese bombers failed to hit
the large fuel reserves in the area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The next day,
December 8, Roosevelt went before both houses of the U.S. Congress to request a
declaration of war against Japan; after a vote, the declaration was formalized
just hours later. Britain declared war on Japan on the same day. Three days
later, on December 11, Germany declared war on the United States. Thus, the
United States was now at war with both Japan and Germany and able to enter
fully into its alliance with Britain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">While the
United States was becoming embroiled in the war in the Pacific, back in Europe
the true intent of the Nazi armies was becoming increasingly clear. As more and
more of Eastern Europe fell into German hands, the territory became a sort of
backyard for the Nazis, where the ugliest parts of their plan could be carried
out far away from prying eyes. By late 1941, the first Jews from Germany and Western
Europe were gathered and transported, along with many other minorities, to
concentration camps in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, and
western Russia, where they were first used as slaves and then systematically
murdered. This marked the beginning of Holocaust.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">After its
initial attacks on Pearl Harbor and Allied interests throughout the Pacific,
the Japanese navy continued to expand its conquests over the coming months. On
February 15, 1942, Japanese forces took Singapore, which was a very humiliating
defeat for Britain. On March 9, after a series of extended sea battles, the
Dutch colony of Java surrendered. On April 9, the U.S. territory of the
Philippines also fell to Japan. Island colonies, territories, and nations in
Southeast Asia continued to fall one after the other as Japanese forces
exploded across the South China Sea and into the Bay of Bengal, threatening
Burma and even India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">After light
U.S. bombing of the Japanese carriers on June 3, 1942, Japan initiated the
attack early in the morning on June 4, bombing the U.S. base on Midway Island.
American naval planes responded against the Japanese armada in a series of
waves. Although the first American attacks were easily repulsed, a group of
U.S. dive-bombers finally got through Japanese defenses and near three Japanese
aircraft carriers, whose decks were loaded with freshly fueled aircraft
preparing for takeoff. The American bombers managed to hit the planes on all
three carriers’ decks, setting off a chain of explosions that engulfed the
ships in flames and set off ammunition stores in the lower decks of the giant
ships. All three carriers were put out of commission and were eventually
scuttled by the Japanese themselves. That afternoon, a fourth Japanese carrier
was damaged beyond repair.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The Battle of
Midway was over by the end of the day. In all, the United States lost one
aircraft carrier, one destroyer, nearly 150 airplanes, and just over 300 men.
The Japanese toll was far worse: four aircraft carriers, along with more than
230 airplanes and more than 2,000 men.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The nature of
the war in the Pacific changed dramatically during the first half of 1942.
Japan had begun with a strong offensive but quickly overextended itself by
conquering most of Southeast Asia. Furthermore, Japan underestimated the U.S.
Navy and took a risky gamble in its attack on Midway. Japan’s losses at Coral
Sea and Midway forced it to shift into a defensive mode. Never again would
Australia or the U.S. mainland face a serious danger from Japanese attack.
Although the war in the Pacific was far from over, for the rest of the World
War II, Japan’s struggle would remain a fight to maintain the territory it had
already conquered, rather than an aggressive campaign for further expansion.
Eventually, Japan would gradually lose all of these earlier gains.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">On January
12–23, 1943, U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill met at Casablanca in French North Africa (present-day
Morocco) and decided that they would accept nothing but an unconditional
surrender from Germany in order to end the war. Following the conference, the
two leaders sent a telegram to Soviet premier Joseph Stalin, informing him of
their decisions and reaffirming their commitment to work together with the USSR
in defeating Germany.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">From November
28 to December 1, 1943, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin all met together for
the first time, at a conference in Tehran, Iran. The three leaders discussed
detailed plans for the Allied invasion of Europe, which Churchill and Roosevelt
had decided to postpone at the Casablanca Conference earlier that year. The
invasion would be code-named Operation Overlord. Stalin was frustrated by the
delay, but Churchill and Roosevelt insisted that the extra time was needed to
sufficiently degrade Germany’s military strength. At the end of the meeting,
Stalin committed the USSR to enter the war against Japan once Germany was
defeated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Japan’s
conquests in Southeast Asia during the first half of 1942 extended as far west
as Burma. Britain, along with its colonial armies in India, took responsibility
for containing this portion of the conflict. The British campaign did not go
well, however, and on March 8, 1942, the Burmese port of Rangoon fell to Japan.
This setback was a particularly bitter loss for the Allies, as it had been a
primary supply point and the site of a crucial base for the British Royal Air
Force. By May, the Japanese had driven the Allies back across the Indian
border. During the rest of 1942, British-Indian forces launched minor
offensives into Burma, but with little success.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">It was only in
mid-1943, when the Allies organized a new command structure in the region—the
Southeast Asia Command—that they made any substantial progress in driving the
Japanese back. Under this new command, the British cooperated with the Chinese
to advance on the Burmese border, while U.S. and British special operations
forces went behind enemy lines to cut communications and create chaos in
general. A major focus of the campaign was to capture the town of Myitkyina,
which was a principal Japanese communications post. There was a prolonged
struggle for the Myitkyina, which finally fell on August 4, 1944. Another goal
was to secure the so-called Burma Road, which linked Burma and China but was
blocked by Japanese forces. The Burma Road was reopened in January, 1945.
Finally, the Allies recaptured Rangoon on May 3, 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The Allies
fought fiercely throughout 1944 and 1945 to free the many other South Pacific
island groups that Japan had seized earlier in the war. Many of these islands
had formerly been territories of the United States, Britain, or other Allied
countries. The largest of the island groups included the Marshall Islands, the
Marianas, the Philippines, and the Ryukyu Islands. The battles took place on
land, on the sea, and in the air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">One by one,
the Allies liberated Japanese-controlled islands until the last obstacle
between Allied forces and the Japanese mainland were the Ryukyu Islands, which
included Okinawa. However, each battle was more intense and more costly than
the previous one, which led military commanders to begin rethinking their
strategy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The Battle of
Okinawa was the last large-scale battle in the Pacific and the most intense of
the island invasions. Unlike Iwo Jima, Okinawa had a large civilian population,
which became one of the great tragedies of the battle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">U.S. forces
began amphibious landings on April 1, 1945. Japan had more than 100,000
soldiers lying in wait in a series of fortified defensive lines. The Japanese
believed that the Allied weakness would be its large fleet of naval vessels
anchored offshore. As a result, they planned a massive series of kamikaze
attacks on these ships—suicide missions in which Japanese pilots crashed their
fuel- and bomb-laden planes into targets—with the goal of destroying the ships
or forcing them to abandon their troops on land. However, these kamikaze
attacks did not do nearly as much damage as the Japanese had anticipated, and
the U.S. fleet was able to remain in place and continue to offer air support to
the troops on the ground.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The battle
lasted for two and a half months, until June 21, and cost nearly 19,000
American lives. The Japanese losses were even more sobering: more than 100,000
Japanese soldiers were killed, while the civilian death toll was estimated to
be 80,000 to 100,000.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">At the same
time that war was going on in the European and Pacific theaters, conflict also
escalated in North Africa, primarily as a result of Italy’s aggression in the
region in 1940 and 1941. One of the primary flash points in North Africa was
the key port of Tobruk, Libya, which changed hands between the Germans and the
British several times and was the site of several major battles. In November</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"> 1942<span style="background: white;">, Tobruk fell to the
British and remained under their control for the rest of the war.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Following the
Axis defeat in North Africa, the Allies pursued them to the island of Sicily.
On July 10, 1943, U.S. and British forces began Operation Husky, an invasion of
the island using troops deployed by gliders, parachutes, and boats. Many of
these landings were disrupted by high winds, making it difficult for Allied
troops to regroup once on the ground. During the first few days, the invaders
encountered significant resistance around Sicily’s main airfield, but it was
quickly overcome. On July 22, the Sicilian capital of Palermo fell to the
Allies, and Sicily was secured.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The day after
the fall of Sicily, Italy’s Fascist ruler, Benito Mussolini, was overthrown by
a peaceful coup, and Italian officials promptly began approaching the Allies
about an armistice. Prior to Mussolini’s ouster, U.S. and British forces had
planned an invasion of the Italian mainland, and the sudden turn of events took
the Allied leaders by surprise. Although Italy officially surrendered to the
Allies on September 8, 1943, the Allied invasion of Italy proceeded as planned,
as there were still a large number of German forces stationed in the country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">In sum,
Italy’s participation in World War II provided little strategic benefit for
Germany; in fact, it actually hindered the German war effort by diverting
German forces from more important tasks. All of Italy’s actions were undertaken
at the whim of its dictator, Mussolini, whose decisions became so erratic and
potentially costly that his own underlings eventually decided to overthrow him.
Indeed, the battles that resulted from Italy’s initially frivolous and aimless
campaigns became increasingly devastating. The campaign in North Africa
ballooned into a huge endeavor that cost tens of thousands of lives, and the
battles on the Italian mainland between Allied and German forces proved even
more devastating.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Germany’s
defeat at Kursk in July 1943 was almost simultaneous with the Allied invasion
of Sicily, and Hitler was forced to withdraw some generals and forces to fight
the new threat in Italy. This multi-front war began to take a serious toll on
Germany’s capability to control the territory it had seized over the previous
four years. As Soviet forces advanced farther west during early 1944, the
German military leadership also had to prepare for the expected British and
American invasion of France. Consequently, Germany withdrew still more forces
from the collapsing eastern front. Although Hitler was still far from giving
up, his conquests were clearly in decline and his war machine gradually
collapsing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The invasion of
France was launched early in the morning of June 6, 1944—the famous
D-Day—barely a day after U.S. troops had liberated the Italian capital of Rome.
Overnight, roughly 20,000 British and American airborne troops had been dropped
by parachute and glider a short distance inland of the Normandy coast, ordered
to do as much damage as possible to the German fortified coastal defenses.
Meanwhile, over 6,000 ships were making their way across the English Channel to
deliver a huge expeditionary force onto five separate beaches between Cherbourg
and Caen. The first wave alone brought 150,000 Allied soldiers to the French
shore, and over the coming weeks, more than 2 million more would enter France
via the Normandy beaches—to this day the largest seaborne invasion in history.
Opposing the invaders were thousands of German troops manning the
fortifications above the beaches.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The first day
of the invasion was costly for the Allies in terms of casualties—especially at
one landing point, Omaha Beach—but the Germans were vastly outnumbered and
rapidly overwhelmed by the incoming forces. The German high command still
believed that a larger invasion was imminent at Calais or elsewhere, so they
withheld reserve forces in the area from moving against the Normandy invaders.
The Allies therefore accomplished nearly all of their set objectives for the
first day, which included fully securing the landing areas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">By mid-August</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"> 1944<span style="background: white;">, most of northwestern
France was under Allied control, and from there, the Allied advance moved
rapidly. Hitler ordered the evacuation of southern France, and German troops
also began the process of evacuating</span> <span style="background: white;">Paris</span> <span style="background: white;">itself. At almost the same time, Soviet troops
invading from the other front first crossed Germany’s eastern border.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Even as it
became inevitable that France would fall to the Allies, however, the Nazi war
machine continued deporting French Jews to Auschwitz and other extermination
camps without letup. A few days later, on August 25, Allied forces entered
Paris, by which point all remaining German troops had either evacuated or been
taken prisoner.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">During the
second half of 1944, the Nazi empire gradually imploded as its enemies invaded
from east, west, and south. Supplies and manufacturing dwindled on a daily
basis. The once-mighty Luftwaffe had some of the best military aircraft in the
world but lacked fuel to fly them and parts to maintain them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Far separated
from reality, Hitler placed his last hope of winning the war on the latest
developments of German technology. These developments were both impressive and
real but were too late and too poorly executed to change the outcome of the war
or even delay it by much. Among Germany’s most fearsome new weapons were two
missiles, the V1 and the V2. The V1 was the world’s first cruise missile, the
V2 the world’s first weaponized ballistic missile. Other German innovations
included both jet- and rocket-propelled aircraft. However, nearly all of these
innovations were still experimental in nature and not truly ready for effective
use in combat. German scientists were also busily working on the development of
an atomic bomb, but the war ended before they could succeed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Throughout the
fall and winter of 1944, Soviet forces slowly but steadily made their way
toward Germany through Eastern Europe. The brunt of the assault was
concentrated on Poland, where most of the Nazis’ concentration camps were
located. By early November 1944, the German S.S. was trying frantically to
dismantle these camps and hide evidence of the atrocities that had taken place.
The Nazis forced those prisoners who were still living to march on foot
westward to Germany. On November 20, Hitler himself retreated, abandoning his
staff headquarters at Rastenburg along the Polish-German border and relocating
to Berlin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">On April 12,
1945, U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose health had been failing for
some time, died of a cerebral hemorrhage at his vacation home in Georgia. The
United States saw an outpouring of grief, as Roosevelt had been president an
unprecedented twelve years and, in addition to being an effective commander in
chief and diplomatic leader, had almost single-handedly rallied the American
people through the hardships of the war. Vice President Harry S Truman
succeeded Roosevelt as president.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Just days
after Roosevelt’s death, on April 16, 1945, the Soviets began their final
offensive against the Third Reich. Over the coming days, more than 3,000 tanks
crossed the Neisse River, assaulting Berlin’s outer defenses while Allied
aircraft bombed the city from above. On April 20, Hitler spent his birthday in
an underground bunker and soon resigned to kill himself when the city fell.
Although imminent defeat was obvious, Hitler not only refused to allow his
troops to surrender but also insisted that the conscripted civilian army was to
defend Berlin to the last man.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">On April 25,
the Allied armies advancing from east and west met for the first time, when a
small group of American and Soviet soldiers met at the German village of
Stehla. The hugely symbolic meeting was marked by celebrations in both Moscow
and New York. On April 28, the former dictator of Italy, Benito Mussolini,
under arrest since his ouster nearly two years before, was executed by Italian
partisans and hung upside down in the center of Milan. Two days later, on April
30, Adolf Hitler killed himself in the bunker in which he had been living since
the beginning of the month. Later that evening, the Red Army hung a Soviet flag
from the top of the Reichstag, the German parliament building in Berlin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Early on the
morning of May 7, 1945, General Alfred Jodl signed the official surrender on
behalf of all German forces, which went into effect the next day. Some sporadic
fighting continued in the interim, particularly in Czechoslovakia. During the
course of May 8, nearly all remaining German forces surrendered, and that
night, additional members of the German high command signed a formal surrender.
The Western Allies thus celebrated May 8, 1945, as V-E Day (Victory in Europe
Day). Because some fighting between Soviet and German forces continued into the
next day, May 9 became the official Victory Day in the USSR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">During the
summer of 1945, American scientists succeeded in completing a working atomic
bomb, which was tested a single time, on July 16, at a remote location in New
Mexico. Scientists around the world had theorized about the concept of such a
weapon for years, and active research on its development had been taking place
not only in the United States but also in Nazi Germany, Japan, and the USSR.
The American effort, which was conducted with substantial help from Canada and
Britain, was code-named the Manhattan Project. Shortly after the July test, the
Truman administration began seriously to consider using the bomb against Japan.
Eventually, Truman made the difficult decision to do so, in spite of
considerable resistance from U.S. military leaders. Despite the fact that the
bomb would kill tens of thousands of innocents, Truman felt that it would
ultimately save both U.S. military and Japanese civilian casualties that would
inevitably result from a ground invasion of Japan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The first
atomic bomb was dropped from a B-29 called the Enola Gay on the morning of
August 6, 1945, onto the city of Hiroshima. The blast obliterated most of the
central city, killing 80,000 in a single moment. By the end of the year, 60,000
more victims would die from radiation poisoning, and thousands more would die
in the years to come, from cancer and other long-term effects of the radiation.
It is estimated that the total death toll from Hiroshima was well over 200,000.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The immediate
reaction to the bomb in Japan was one of total incomprehension. All
communications with Hiroshima were lost, and rumors quickly spread that the
city had vanished in some kind of cataclysmic explosion. Yet Japanese military
radar had indicated that only a few isolated planes had been in the area. The
Japanese would learn the truth sixteen hours following the explosion, when the
U.S. government released a public statement explaining what had taken place.
Three days later, on August 9, a second atomic bomb was dropped on the port
city of Nagasaki with similarly devastating results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The day before
the Nagasaki bombing, the Soviet Union entered the war against Japan and
commenced an attack on the Chinese province of Manchuria, which was still held
by the Japanese. The combination of the atomic bombings with the potential
threat of a full-scale invasion of Japan by the USSR was enough to remove any
hope that Japan may have held for continuing the war. On August 15, 1945,
Emperor Hirohito announced Japan’s capitulation in accordance with the Potsdam
Declaration. A formal surrender was signed on September 2 aboard the battleship
USS Missouri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">It was the
largest armed conflict in history, spanning the entire world and involving more
countries than any other war, as well as introducing powerful new weapons,
culminating in the first use of nuclear weapons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The war
ravaged civilians more severely than any previous conflict and served as a
backdrop for genocidal killings by Nazi Germany as well as several other mass
slaughters of civilians which, although not technically genocide, were
significant. These included the massacre of millions of Chinese and Korean
nationals by Japan, internal mass killings in the Soviet Union, and the bombing
of civilian targets in German and Japanese cities by the Allies. In total,
World War II produced about 50 million deaths, more than any other war to date.<span class="apple-converted-space"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Durga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-90291903969190984512013-07-14T19:15:00.002-07:002013-07-14T19:15:18.548-07:00LINKS for Learning <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<div>
Prathiyogita Darpan:</div>
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<div>
Jan 2012 to August 2013 editions could be downloaded from here:</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EMYesouCSlbCq35y_oREnZGkxulTWcr7ui8tckSWkZI/edit" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span><span style="color: #0066cc;">https://docs.google.com/</span></span><span></span><span><span style="color: #0066cc;">docume<wbr></wbr>nt/d/</span></span><span></span><span><span style="color: #0066cc;">1EMYesouCSlbCq35y_<wbr></wbr>oREnZGkxulTWc</span></span><span></span><span style="color: #0066cc;">r7ui8tckSWkZI/<wbr></wbr>edit</span></a></div>
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</div>
<div>
Some Useful websites</div>
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</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fupsc.gov.in%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHMjZIc9aZchd5GDfLWTC6yQ7Uh5A" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://upsc.gov.in/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsonair.nic.in%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNElyt0Xtp59rtEPPM4Zn9zudk51iQ" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://www.newsonair.nic.in/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.nic.in%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEGi19sTfvQD-YCHhcCuTAg-Ih3aA" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://pib.nic.in/</span></a><br /><span><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2F12thplan.gov.in%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHfSTU70Ia2VZbpTDAVruevTBZ2Tg" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://12thplan.gov.in/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upscportal.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEE5dy3rQ-mfLarhFQONs50DEEMOg" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://www.upscportal.com/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeywin.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF_bYi7fXzYIjpgYI21WVOBMjdDjA" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://www.jeywin.com/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNH3K49CvjKBniqVmVaOmjbcl8d2tg" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://www.thehindu.com/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEzxM1g504uXBbLJdJJDH2y_WCz_Q" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://www.indianexpress.com/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Findia.gov.in%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF1JC7mFctWZm5g3NCHsH6QTTps6A" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://india.gov.in/</span></a> or <a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Findia.gov.in%2Fhi&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF7cqWcdQFKaXkx9iOCfzmG6f1c-A" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://india.gov.in/hi</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yojana.gov.in%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEjSEMwAxW1X2e299GQ9ZA32Yh7zQ" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://www.yojana.gov.in/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG4M5_r2kw5YhAf1RswNA9dyzt90g" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://</span></span><span></span><span style="color: #0066cc;">www.business-standard.<wbr></wbr>com/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fl.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.wiziq.com%252F%26h%3D1AQFCiWKGAQFJUFdd3vqUCGw20S-XsIBK4h0hWk0CPdw-XA%26s%3D1&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHnYKGbK1KuiT7IjD_sy0YrtN6R-w" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://www.wiziq.com/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fhalfmantr.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGakH_BvXEqhlftELY_bSZfnVJC-Q" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://halfmantr.com/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fl.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.indianofficer.com%252F%26h%3DVAQHQCUQjAQE4JYm1ArJwxTeEAhGl6FxpHlMdMFYk7c0VWg%26s%3D1&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFaWZ5lb_ZWtCDrxLPmUkObNgc6fw" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://www.indianofficer.com/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fl.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.gktoday.in%252F%26h%3DpAQHICLh6AQGnhw8RFMfvL8gMMWnQMszr0vEMcQ-Qsrp3rg%26s%3D1&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHoRr5mgHllcD30ZWS6-mB5i8uOhw" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://www.gktoday.in/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fl.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.ias100.in%252F%26h%3D9AQFNKXVZAQEtP9DnfnWeZN5gPUciNQuUZ5eGn4cePnTmVQ%26s%3D1&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGo0vNxipJ28htakUqcjx6_YGJVZA" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://www.ias100.in/</span></a> or <a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fhindi.ias100.in%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFPh2skhUx9ZjMGBZxTL2Tr306wLQ" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://hindi.ias100.in/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilserviceindia.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG38xD0e8qGiXhDozAwAKmUQAWEng" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://</span></span><span></span><span style="color: #0066cc;">www.civilserviceindia.<wbr></wbr>com/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytuition.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF2Vz0tC7aFeR8BIwzDCf7XvQmd9g" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://www.historytuition.com/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fl.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fmrunal.org%252F%26h%3DmAQHJG1BYAQFpPuwu_bU_x0Hb9Rr17LNCJeXo6Q_2MY-lSw%26s%3D1&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGhyjx2q_W4eF1UqNgIYQyom7dtfg" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://mrunal.org/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fl.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.quizmantra.com%252F%26h%3DpAQHICLh6AQFeHKbIhGIlF5lH72GE8H-5pkOgODzZiLTeuw%26s%3D1&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG0SKks9Qq-A5TfeZyK7Xze_vePjg" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://www.quizmantra.com/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fl.php%3Fu%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.facts-about-india.com%252F%26h%3DoAQG_3WrfAQFF7cSUBTg4uKqeTl5RNuoqKY_h1X3YS-BTBA%26s%3D1&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNH4EbkRUJJigljImuv7jFD4fX7Tug" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" target="_blank"><span><span style="color: #0066cc;">http://</span></span><span></span><span style="color: #0066cc;">www.facts-about-india.<wbr></wbr>com/</span></a></span><span style="color: #888888;"><br clear="all" /></span></div>
<span style="color: #888888;"><div>
<br />-- </div>
<div>
<span style="color: #666666;">Thanks & Regards,<br />Anusha</span></div>
</span></div>
Dr T P Sasikumarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15630087131073918901noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-3598149851625479642013-07-12T22:11:00.001-07:002013-07-12T22:12:15.838-07:00what to Read - EXAM - Brief<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Exam Pattern:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I. Prelims(Objective)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>II. Mains(Subjective)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>III.
Interview</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<strong>Prelims:</strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Prelims consists of two papers.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Paper I - General Studies </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Paper II - CSAT(Civil Service Aptitude Test)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The questions pattern in both the above papers is Choose the
correct answer type.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<strong>Prelims Paper I:</strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This paper covers a wide range of topics such as History,
Geography, Economy, Polity, Environment Science, General Science, Science and
Technology and Current Affairs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While preparing for General Studies one could focus on both
Prelims and Mains parts as they both go hand-in-hand.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Preperation plan what I have deviced is:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
i. Finish reading all the NCERT books (from VIII to XII) for
the above mentioned subjects, it lays the foundation (If somebody doesn't feel
comfortable with any of the above mentioned topics, then they could start with
VI standard books)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
ii. Choose any one of the subjects which one feels
comfortable, let's take History(I am comfortable reading History), as one
already has a broad idea after reading NCERT books, now it is time move
further, so read <strong>Spectrum Series - A brief note of Modern History</strong>(read
it twice) then, go for <strong>Bipin Chandra's book - India's Struggle For
Independence </strong>and if futher interested you could read <strong>Modern
Indian History by Mohammad Tarique (</strong>he is one of the Civil Service
trainers and also in his book one could find more inclination towards muslims
so one could easily understand the politics during that period). Have a copy of
<strong>India's Struggle For Freedom</strong>(a very small book)<strong> by
P.N. Chopra</strong> - it has all the events year-wise like a gist, it could be
used as a reference to recollect the flow of events.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
iii. Then, I chose Polity -- Indian Polity by Laxmikant is a
good book to start to understand Polity clearly. Read this book atleast twice
to get a clear picture. Then, go for a little advanced book - <strong>Introduction
to the Constitution of India by D.D. Basu</strong>. One must for sure have <strong>The
Constitution of Indian by P.M Bakshi</strong> (It serves like a chutney for
Idli),<strong> </strong>any coaching centre, anywhere in India would start teaching Indian
Polity from this book and they also instruct students to carry this book to the
class.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
iv. Let's look at Economy now -- Economy is something where
most of the students find it difficult to understand the number of terms. Hence
first read <strong>'The Indian Economy by Sanjiv Verma'</strong>(a very small
book which explains terms with examples), then once comfortable with the terms
go for <strong>Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh.</strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
v. Geography(a dreadful subject for me): For Physical
Geography go for <strong>'Certificate Physical and Human Geography' by
GOHCHENGLEONG</strong> and for Indian and World Geography, read <strong>Indian
and World Geography by Majid Hussain.</strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
vi. For Environment Science read any of the <strong>Coaching
centre's material</strong> that would be more than enough. You could find these
materials in most of the Stationary Shops or Xerox shops located near the
Civils Coaching Centres in any city. ( For instance, I get all the materials of
Vajiram and Ravi, one of the best coaching centres in Delhi
from a local stationary shop in Hyderabad)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
vii. <strong>NCERT books</strong> would be enough for
General Science</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
viii. For Science and Technology and Current Affairs, one
must read <strong>The Hindu</strong> newspaper regularly.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Apart from the above subscribe for <strong>Yojana and
Kurukshetra</strong> Monthly Magazines released by Government which give a very
good explanation of various Government's policies. Also, subscribe any of the
magazines among <strong>Pratiyogita Darpan or Civils Chronicle</strong> etc.. I
prefer Pratiyogita Darpan as it has a detialed analysis of the important news
from last month's newspapers.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<strong>Prelims Paper II:</strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It tests one's ability in <strong>Comprehension, Verbal,
Quants and Logical Ability</strong>. One could go for any of the aptitude
coaching centres material say <strong>TIME, Career Launcher, IMS, Byjus</strong>.
If somebody has CAT materials, then those will be more than enough. I don't
think one requires coaching for Paper II. Focus on Grammar, Vocab and Reading
Comprehension part in Verbal. In Qunats be thorough with basics of different
topics such as trignometry, Geometry, Progressions, Statistics, Time, Speed and
Distance, Time and Work, Probability, Permuatations Combinations etc to name a
few.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<strong>MAINS:</strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If one completes all the above mentioned reading for General
Studies, then Mains Gerneral Studies papers would be a cake walk for them.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<strong>PAPER-I</strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<strong>Essay</strong>: Candidates will be required to write an essay on a
specific topic. The choice of subjects will be given.<br />
They will be expected to keep closely to the subject of the essay to arrange
their ideas in orderly fashion, and to write concisely. Credit will be given
for effective and exact expression.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<strong>PAPER-II</strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
General Studies- I: <strong>Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography
of the World and Society</strong>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<strong>PAPER-III</strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
General Studies- II: <strong>Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice
and International relations</strong>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<strong>PAPER-IV</strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
General Studies-III: <strong>Technology, Economic Development, Bio diversity,
Environment, Security and Disaster Management.</strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<strong>PAPER-V</strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
General Studies- IV:<strong> Ethics, Integrity, and
Aptitude.</strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This paper will include questions to test the candidates’
attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life
and his problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him
in dealing with society. Questions may utilise the case study approach to
determine these aspects. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<strong>Paper-VI</strong><b><br />
<strong>Optional Subject</strong></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<strong>Note:</strong> Also, one could try to get the notes
from any of the best coaching centres of Delhi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Vajiram and Ravi is one of the best coaching centres in Delhi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<strong>Interview: </strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One must know more about their own state and also the issues
prevailing there. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<img height="32" src="file:///C:\Users\dell\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="32" /></div>
</div>
Dr T P Sasikumarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15630087131073918901noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-12435349107479434742013-07-12T21:33:00.001-07:002013-07-12T21:33:14.489-07:00Dreams from Kannur<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Guruve............,<br />
angaye njan jeevithathil orikkal mathrame<br />
kandittullu........(15/06/<br />
<div id=":8w">
<wbr></wbr>2013....</div>
<div id=":8w">
Kannur Jawahar Library nadathiya<br />
Civil Service Orientation Class)...........angaye annu thanne njan<br />
ente Guruvayi manasil prathishtichirikkunnu(angayude<br />
sammathamillathe......).......<wbr></wbr>..............</div>
<div id=":8w">
Govt College of<br />
Engineering,Kannur(2008-2012) il ninnum civil engineeringil B Tech<br />
birudam nediya njan,ippol oru pvt poly technic il teacher<br />
aanu.................</div>
<div id=":8w">
Civil Service neduka enna ente lakshyam neduvan<br />
njan orupadu budhimuttukal anubhavikkunnu................<wbr></wbr>.....<br />
<br />
1) Main exam malayalathil ezhuthuvan njan agrahikkunnu........(english<br />
vendathra kai karyam cheyyanulla vishamam)<br />
<br />
2)But malayalam study materials kittan prayasamanennu palarum<br />
parayunnu..........<br />
<br />
3)Ippol News paper vayichu Notes undakkal mathrame<br />
nadakkunnullu...........<wbr></wbr>History Geography,polity thudangiyava ithuvare<br />
padichu thudangiyittilla..........<br />
<br />
4)Main exam malayalathil ezhuthi vijayicha aareyenkilum angeykku<br />
ariyamo........??????<br />
<br />
5)optional subject Mathematics edukkan agrahikkunnu..............<br />
<br />
Reply tharum enna viswasathodu koodi<br />
<br />
Ekalevya-Nikhil Palakkal</div>
</div>
Dr T P Sasikumarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15630087131073918901noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-2505312091923850812012-07-18T10:10:00.001-07:002012-07-18T10:10:06.093-07:00Be ASPIRANT ..-------- Not PRESENT !!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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TODAY IS ANOTHER GOOD DAY FOR ME ..<br /> One of my Girl Student from Ananthapur <br /> (she gave me food during my visit for lectures in ananthapur)<br /> Attended my two-full day Leadership-Development Session.....<br /> <br /><span class="text_exposed_show"> Straight after BTech walked into IAS Coaching in Hytderabd.<br /> Not wasting time in MNC / Job / etc..<br /> IAS training is a serious affair..<br /> FULL TIME.<br /> It is more that JOB / Class.<br /> Have to get into it..<br /> No time pass / movie / no play / no music / / no games / JUST serious..<br /> IT is a LIFE making ..<br /> It has to be the Dream..<br /> <br /> I am glad ..<br /> I had another from Ananthapur/INTEL was keep on IPS and again walked straight from BTech class to IAS coaching centre..<br /> <br /> MNC is a BIG TRAP...<br /> people take salary and enjoy..<br /> THEN the aim and plan in LIFE gets diluted..<br /> <br /> One studnet who came for MS abroad reference ..<br /> I turned into IAS ..<br /> he left his US dream and is in IAS Coaching Centre<br /> <br /> Two from ARURA are into IAS coaching centers soon after BTech..<br /> I am glad.. <br /> Only a few are like thsi out 1000s who heard me !!!!!<br /> <br /> SAD..<br /> No Dr.Sasikumar can make a difference.. not to all....<br /> <br /> A student who can easily crack IAS with effort..<br /> Wanted to Get to MS abroad..<br /> Not due to subject Interest..<br /> Else have to get married / parent's pressure for marriage...<br /> <br /> Many dont know what to do..<br /> CAT / MAT / GRE -- hanging around options.. <br /> say I will work few years and then do MTech / MBA..<br /> Nothing happens..<br /> <br /> They will marry another MNC<br /> Then dyne out<br /> Enjoy movie.<br /> Week-ends..<br /> <br /> make FAMILY..<br /> <br /> It needs courage to DREAM HIGH..<br /> Reach HIGHER..<br /> <br /> Poor Youth..<br /> <br />
A rare notes at times that some one is into these higher dreams and
serious into that and will soon be leading this great nation..<br /> That leaves a Happy NOTE...<br /> It is true this IS NOT FOR all..<br /> ONLY SELECTED BEST Youth..<br /> Not all are TRIMMED for this HIGH Profile JOB....<br /> <br /> 9502038875<br /> drtpsasikumar@gmail.com</span></div>
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<span class="uiStreamFooter"><span class="UIActionLinks UIActionLinks_bottom" data-ft="{"tn":"=","type":20}"><button class="like_link stat_elem as_link" data-ft="{"tn":">","type":22}" name="like" title="Like this item" type="submit"><span class="default_message">Like</span></button> · <label class="uiLinkButton comment_link" title="Leave a comment"></label> · <button class="unsub_link stat_elem as_link" name="unsubscribe" title="Stop getting notified when someone comments." type="submit"><span class="default_message">Unfollow Post</span></button> · </span><span class="uiStreamSource" data-ft="{"type":26,"tn":"N"}"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/drtps/permalink/393083670751925/"><abbr class="timestamp livetimestamp" data-utime="1342622505" title="Wednesday, July 18, 2012 at 8:11pm">2 hours ago</abbr></a></span></span></div>
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<a data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=100001653564792" href="https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100001653564792">Pranay Kumar</a> likes this.</div>
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<a class="actorPic UIImageBlock_Image UIImageBlock_SMALL_Image" data-ft="{"type":34,"tn":"T"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=735320848" href="https://www.facebook.com/DrTPSasikumar" tabindex="-1"><img alt="" class="uiProfilePhoto uiProfilePhotoMedium img" src="https://fbcdn-profile-a.akamaihd.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/260847_735320848_780701661_q.jpg" /></a><div class="commentContent UIImageBlock_Content UIImageBlock_SMALL_Content" data-ft="{"type":33,"tn":"K"}">
<a class="actorName" data-ft="{"type":35,"tn":";"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=735320848" href="https://www.facebook.com/DrTPSasikumar">Sasikumar Drtps</a> <span class="commentBody" data-jsid="text">I have few students who are attending my HP - Shiksha - EFIL<br /> <br /> I teach them importance of Communication.<br /> They don't Communicate to me even<br /> <br /> When I ask why ?<br /> They say I thought sir, may be busy....<br /> <br /> Not many ask why Session is missing this SUNDAY?<br /> they don't care if sessions happens or not !!<br /> <br /> Some one has to call them and invite all week ends..<br /> <br /> I will wait for students around me....<br /> Who are eager<br /> Who will ask me <br /> Why no class?<br /> When is next Session?<br /> Where is next Session?</span><span></span><div class="commentActions fsm fwn fcg">
<a class="uiLinkSubtle" data-ft="{"tn":"N"}" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/drtps/permalink/393083670751925/?comment_id=393083817418577&offset=0&total_comments=8"><abbr class="timestamp livetimestamp" data-utime="1342622751" title="Wednesday, July 18, 2012 at 8:15pm">2 hours ago</abbr></a> · <span><a class="uiLinkSubtle" data-hover="tooltip" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/drtps/#" id="uo1qfh_2" rel="dialog">Edited</a></span> · <span class="comment_like_393083817418577 fsm fwn fcg" data-ft="{"type":36,"tn":">"}"><button class="stat_elem as_link cmnt_like_link" name="like_comment_id[393083817418577]" title="Like this comment" type="submit" value="393083817418577"><span class="default_message">Like</span></button> · <a class="comment_like_button" data-hover="tooltip" data-tooltip-alignh="center" data-tooltip-uri="/ajax/like/tooltip.php?comment_fbid=393083817418577&comment_from=735320848" href="https://www.facebook.com/browse/likes/?id=393083817418577" rel="dialog">1</a></span></div>
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<a class="actorPic UIImageBlock_Image UIImageBlock_SMALL_Image" data-ft="{"type":34,"tn":"T"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=735320848" href="https://www.facebook.com/DrTPSasikumar" tabindex="-1"><img alt="" class="uiProfilePhoto uiProfilePhotoMedium img" src="https://fbcdn-profile-a.akamaihd.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/260847_735320848_780701661_q.jpg" /></a><div class="commentContent UIImageBlock_Content UIImageBlock_SMALL_Content" data-ft="{"type":33,"tn":"K"}">
<a class="actorName" data-ft="{"type":35,"tn":";"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=735320848" href="https://www.facebook.com/DrTPSasikumar">Sasikumar Drtps</a> <span class="commentBody" data-jsid="text">LIKE is the bad option in FB.<br /> It is easy to do that.<br /> BUT difficult to write comment and read and understand the content <br /> Respond positive....<br /> or write specific criticism....</span><span></span><div class="commentActions fsm fwn fcg">
<a class="uiLinkSubtle" data-ft="{"tn":"N"}" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/drtps/permalink/393083670751925/?comment_id=393084710751821&offset=0&total_comments=8"><abbr class="timestamp livetimestamp" data-utime="1342622828" title="Wednesday, July 18, 2012 at 8:17pm">2 hours ago</abbr></a> · <span><a class="uiLinkSubtle" data-hover="tooltip" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/drtps/#" id="uo1qfh_4" rel="dialog">Edited</a></span> · <span class="comment_like_393084710751821 fsm fwn fcg" data-ft="{"type":36,"tn":">"}"><button class="stat_elem as_link cmnt_like_link" name="like_comment_id[393084710751821]" title="Like this comment" type="submit" value="393084710751821"><span class="default_message">Like</span></button> · <a class="comment_like_button" data-hover="tooltip" data-tooltip-alignh="center" data-tooltip-uri="/ajax/like/tooltip.php?comment_fbid=393084710751821&comment_from=735320848" href="https://www.facebook.com/browse/likes/?id=393084710751821" rel="dialog">1</a></span></div>
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<a class="actorPic UIImageBlock_Image UIImageBlock_SMALL_Image" data-ft="{"type":34,"tn":"T"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=100001653564792" href="https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100001653564792" tabindex="-1"><img alt="" class="uiProfilePhoto uiProfilePhotoMedium img" src="https://fbcdn-profile-a.akamaihd.net/hprofile-ak-ash2/41752_100001653564792_1477811064_q.jpg" /></a><div class="commentContent UIImageBlock_Content UIImageBlock_SMALL_Content" data-ft="{"type":33,"tn":"K"}">
<a class="actorName" data-ft="{"type":35,"tn":";"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=100001653564792" href="https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100001653564792">Pranay Kumar</a> <span class="commentBody" data-jsid="text"><span>ths post may be eye opening for those who are aiming for higher levels in the society...................</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break"></span>..</span></div>
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<a class="actorPic UIImageBlock_Image UIImageBlock_SMALL_Image" data-ft="{"type":34,"tn":"T"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=735320848" href="https://www.facebook.com/DrTPSasikumar" tabindex="-1"><img alt="" class="uiProfilePhoto uiProfilePhotoMedium img" src="https://fbcdn-profile-a.akamaihd.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/260847_735320848_780701661_q.jpg" /></a><div class="commentContent UIImageBlock_Content UIImageBlock_SMALL_Content" data-ft="{"type":33,"tn":"K"}">
<a class="actorName" data-ft="{"type":35,"tn":";"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=735320848" href="https://www.facebook.com/DrTPSasikumar">Sasikumar Drtps</a> <span class="commentBody" data-jsid="text">i
am seeing no serious comments .. if this would have been a picnic pic
.. there would have been many comments and likes.. POOR YOUTH !!</span><span></span><div class="commentActions fsm fwn fcg">
<a class="uiLinkSubtle" data-ft="{"tn":"N"}" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/drtps/permalink/393083670751925/?comment_id=393116280748664&offset=0&total_comments=7"><abbr class="timestamp livetimestamp" data-utime="1342629676" title="Wednesday, July 18, 2012 at 10:11pm">25 minutes ago</abbr></a> · <span class="comment_like_393116280748664 fsm fwn fcg" data-ft="{"type":36,"tn":">"}"><button class="stat_elem as_link cmnt_like_link" name="like_comment_id[393116280748664]" title="Like this comment" type="submit" value="393116280748664"><span class="default_message">Like</span></button></span></div>
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<a class="actorPic UIImageBlock_Image UIImageBlock_SMALL_Image" data-ft="{"type":34,"tn":"T"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=827052402" href="https://www.facebook.com/adykashyap" tabindex="-1"><img alt="" class="uiProfilePhoto uiProfilePhotoMedium img" src="https://fbcdn-profile-a.akamaihd.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/370718_827052402_1479008209_q.jpg" /></a><div class="commentContent UIImageBlock_Content UIImageBlock_SMALL_Content" data-ft="{"type":33,"tn":"K"}">
<a class="actorName" data-ft="{"type":35,"tn":";"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=827052402" href="https://www.facebook.com/adykashyap">Aditya Kashyap</a> <span class="commentBody" data-jsid="text">I
aspire to be a part of the Indian Civil Services, sir.. and I want to
do it whilst am working.. It is a challenge, & I accept it and want
to go beyond it.</span><span></span><div class="commentActions fsm fwn fcg">
<a class="uiLinkSubtle" data-ft="{"tn":"N"}" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/drtps/permalink/393083670751925/?comment_id=393116754081950&offset=0&total_comments=7"><abbr class="timestamp livetimestamp" data-utime="1342629794" title="Wednesday, July 18, 2012 at 10:13pm">23 minutes ago</abbr></a> · <span class="comment_like_393116754081950 fsm fwn fcg" data-ft="{"type":36,"tn":">"}"><button class="stat_elem as_link cmnt_like_link" name="like_comment_id[393116754081950]" title="Like this comment" type="submit" value="393116754081950"><span class="default_message">Like</span></button> · <a class="comment_like_button" data-hover="tooltip" data-tooltip-alignh="center" data-tooltip-uri="/ajax/like/tooltip.php?comment_fbid=393116754081950&comment_from=827052402" href="https://www.facebook.com/browse/likes/?id=393116754081950" rel="dialog">1</a></span></div>
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<a class="actorPic UIImageBlock_Image UIImageBlock_SMALL_Image" data-ft="{"type":34,"tn":"T"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=100001335926938" href="https://www.facebook.com/durgaanusha" tabindex="-1"><img alt="" class="uiProfilePhoto uiProfilePhotoMedium img" src="https://fbcdn-profile-a.akamaihd.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/41729_100001335926938_397358784_q.jpg" /></a><div class="commentContent UIImageBlock_Content UIImageBlock_SMALL_Content" data-ft="{"type":33,"tn":"K"}">
<a class="actorName" data-ft="{"type":35,"tn":";"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=100001335926938" href="https://www.facebook.com/durgaanusha">Durga Anusha</a> <span class="commentBody" data-jsid="text">One can surely crack it even while being in job, when he/she has following qualities:<br /> <br /> Patience<br /> will Power<br /> Concentration<br /> Burning desire</span><span></span><div class="commentActions fsm fwn fcg">
<a class="uiLinkSubtle" data-ft="{"tn":"N"}" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/drtps/permalink/393083670751925/?comment_id=393118994081726&offset=0&total_comments=7"><abbr class="timestamp livetimestamp" data-utime="1342630373" title="Wednesday, July 18, 2012 at 10:22pm">13 minutes ago</abbr></a> · <span class="comment_like_393118994081726 fsm fwn fcg" data-ft="{"type":36,"tn":">"}"><button class="stat_elem as_link cmnt_like_link" name="like_comment_id[393118994081726]" title="Like this comment" type="submit" value="393118994081726"><span class="default_message">Like</span></button> · <a class="comment_like_button" data-hover="tooltip" data-tooltip-alignh="center" data-tooltip-uri="/ajax/like/tooltip.php?comment_fbid=393118994081726&comment_from=100001335926938" href="https://www.facebook.com/browse/likes/?id=393118994081726" rel="dialog">1</a></span></div>
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<a class="actorPic UIImageBlock_Image UIImageBlock_SMALL_Image" data-ft="{"type":34,"tn":"T"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=100001335926938" href="https://www.facebook.com/durgaanusha" tabindex="-1"><img alt="" class="uiProfilePhoto uiProfilePhotoMedium img" src="https://fbcdn-profile-a.akamaihd.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/41729_100001335926938_397358784_q.jpg" /></a><div class="commentContent UIImageBlock_Content UIImageBlock_SMALL_Content" data-ft="{"type":33,"tn":"K"}">
<a class="actorName" data-ft="{"type":35,"tn":";"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=100001335926938" href="https://www.facebook.com/durgaanusha">Durga Anusha</a> <span class="commentBody" data-jsid="text">Strong
Determination will take us to reach the Great Destination CIVIL
SERVICES.... and I believe in "Where there is a will, there is a way"
strongly.... I aspire to be part of All India Services...</span><span></span><div class="commentActions fsm fwn fcg">
<a class="uiLinkSubtle" data-ft="{"tn":"N"}" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/drtps/permalink/393083670751925/?comment_id=393119670748325&offset=0&total_comments=7"><abbr class="timestamp livetimestamp" data-utime="1342630516" title="Wednesday, July 18, 2012 at 10:25pm">11 minutes ago</abbr></a> · <span class="comment_like_393119670748325 fsm fwn fcg" data-ft="{"type":36,"tn":">"}"><button class="stat_elem as_link cmnt_like_link" name="like_comment_id[393119670748325]" title="Like this comment" type="submit" value="393119670748325"><span class="default_message">Like</span></button></span></div>
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<a class="actorPic UIImageBlock_Image UIImageBlock_SMALL_Image" data-ft="{"type":34,"tn":"T"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=735320848" href="https://www.facebook.com/DrTPSasikumar" tabindex="-1"><img alt="" class="uiProfilePhoto uiProfilePhotoMedium img" src="https://fbcdn-profile-a.akamaihd.net/hprofile-ak-snc4/260847_735320848_780701661_q.jpg" /></a><div class="commentContent UIImageBlock_Content UIImageBlock_SMALL_Content" data-ft="{"type":33,"tn":"K"}">
<a class="actorName" data-ft="{"type":35,"tn":";"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=735320848" href="https://www.facebook.com/DrTPSasikumar">Sasikumar Drtps</a> <span class="commentBody" data-jsid="text">HARD / SMART Work...<br /> Time Spend <br /> Good team around <br /> Nice Coaching<br /> Good trials<br /> Learning<br /> all these are to be FOLLOWED BY DESIRE (else it will just BURN)<br /> With Job cool.. with all the other enjoyment <br /> may be able to reach in 2nd / 3rd TRIALS.<br /> Full concentrated / focused / dedicated effort can do it fast / first effort ..<br /> Hope WISE THOUGHTS prevail in YOUTH..</span><span></span><div class="commentActions fsm fwn fcg">
<a class="uiLinkSubtle" data-ft="{"tn":"N"}" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/drtps/permalink/393083670751925/?comment_id=393122187414740&offset=0&total_comments=8"><abbr class="timestamp livetimestamp" data-utime="1342631121" title="Wednesday, July 18, 2012 at 10:35pm">about a minute ago</abbr></a> · <span><a class="uiLinkSubtle" data-hover="tooltip" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/drtps/#" id="unwjsx_2" rel="dialog">Edited</a></span> · <span class="comment_like_393122187414740 fsm fwn fcg" data-ft="{"type":36,"tn":">"}"><button class="stat_elem as_link cmnt_like_link" name="like_comment_id[393122187414740]" title="Like this comment" type="submit" value="393122187414740"><span class="default_message">Like</span></button></span></div>
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</div>Dr T P Sasikumarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15630087131073918901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-56146321581334613792012-07-16T07:36:00.002-07:002012-07-16T09:25:21.898-07:00YouTube Videos - IAS success People....+ Motivating<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Topper <br />
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3t-wDFz-aGA&feature=related<br />
<br />
Topper<br />
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4eLb4jsz4M&feature=related<br />
<br />
LBS<br />
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vyc3u2XXWms<br />
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oz58uquGpsQ&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PL45673C0B53D29FE5<br />
<br />
<br />
How to Read NEWS PAPER<br />
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NogFACbzaZM&feature=related<br />
<br />
<br /></div>Dr T P Sasikumarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15630087131073918901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-85607400895460531362012-04-07T18:27:00.000-07:002012-11-08T01:55:36.263-08:00Syllabus - CSAT - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Examination shall comprise two compulsory papers of 200 marks each.<br />
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Paper I - (200 marks) Duration : Two hours</b></div>
<ul style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Current events of national and international importance.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">History of India and Indian National Movement.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Indian and World Geography - Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Indian Polity and Governance - Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Economic and Social Development - Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector initiatives, etc.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">General issues on Environmental Ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change - that do not require subject specialisation</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">General Science.</li>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Paper II- (200 marks) Duration: Two hours</b></div>
<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></b>
<ul style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Comprehension</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Interpersonal skills including communication skills;</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Logical reasoning and analytical ability</li>
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<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Decision-making and problemsolving </li>
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<ul style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">General mental ability</li>
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<ul style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc.) (Class X level), Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. - Class X level)</li>
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<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">English Language Comprehension skills (Class X level).</li>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><u style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Note 1 :</u></b> Questions relating to English Language Comprehension skills of Class X level (last item in the Syllabus of Paper- II) will be tested through passages from English language only without providing Hindi translation thereof in the question paper.<br />
<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />
<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><u style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Note 2 :</u></b> The questions will be of multiple choice, objective type.<br />
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<u style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Note 3:</b></u> It is mandatory for the candidate to appear in both the Papers of Civil Services (Prelim) Examination for the purpose of evaluation. Therefore a candidate will be disqualified in case he/she does not appear in both the papers of Civil Services (Prelim) Examination.</div>
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Durga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-85030284793449859602012-04-07T18:17:00.002-07:002012-07-11T07:41:06.978-07:00How to prepare for Prelims?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table><tbody>
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<a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/%7Er/AnuragShukla/%7E3/IcSMJ3lO1cA/pattern-of-upsc.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email" name="1387673a96b8dd47_13853138562385b0_1381a3940a1d3db2_1381a2f24b9a5e1d_1" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,Sans-Serif; font-size: 18px;" target="_blank">Pattern Of UPSC</a>
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<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG-Z_OHIxobqSDL10jqouUYvyg062hDbbaOtts5LECeLoydMxlh-Q3sVtktGHFCM4HnOGeIfM-_UJUhdDWyA5F6PY4WI185oCbUF9hQtxDRujN49nDMxNZI6OEQJEIa6OnVFpTdmSSki8/s1600/upsc+ka+mahasagar.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" /></a>PART-A : PRELIMS<br />
<br />(Paper 1) (200 marks) - Duration : Two hrs.<br />· Current events of national and international importance<br />· History of India and Indian national movement<br />· Indian and World Geography- physical, social, economic geography of India and the<br />
world<br />· Indian Polity and governance – constitution, political system, panchayati raj, public<br />policy, Rights issues, etc.<br />· Economic and social development – sustainable development, poverty, inclusion,<br />demographics, social sector initiatives etc.<br />
· General issues on environmental ecology, bio-diversity and climate change-that donot<br />require subject specialization<br />· General science.<br /><br />(Paper II) (200 marks) – Duration : Two hrs<br />· Comprehension<br />· Interpersonal skills including communication skills<br />
· Logical reasoning and analytical ability<br />· Decision making and problem solving<br />· General mental ability<br />· Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude etc. (Class X level),<br />Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. –Class X level)<br />
· English language comprehension skills (Class X level)<br /><br /><br />PART-B: MAINS EXAMINATION<br /><br /><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" style="background: white; width: 100.0%;"><tbody>
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<span style="color: #2080a0; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><u><br />
</u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Paper-I</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">One of the</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><a href="http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Indian-Languages/index.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Indian Languages</span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">to
be selected by the candidate from the 22 languages included in the
VIIIth Schedule to the Constitution (Qualifying Paper)</span></div>
</td> <td style="border: inset gray 1.0pt; padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt; width: 25.0%;" width="25%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">300 Marks</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Paper-II</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/English-Qualifying/index.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">English (Qualifying Paper)</span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</td> <td style="border: inset gray 1.0pt; padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt; width: 25.0%;" width="25%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">300 Marks</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Paper-III</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/index.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Essay</span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[in the medium you choose]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">200 Marks</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Papers IV & V</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/General-Studies/index.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">General Studies</span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(300 Marks for each paper)</span></div>
</td> <td style="border: inset gray 1.0pt; padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt; width: 25.0%;" width="25%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">600 Marks</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Papers VI, VII, VIII & IX</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Any two subjects (each having 2 papers) to be selected from the prescribed optional subjects (300 marks for each paper)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1200 Marks</span></div>
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<tr> <td colspan="2" style="border: inset gray 1.0pt; padding: 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Total Marks for Written Examination</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2000 Marks</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/interview.html" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Interview Test</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [in the medium you choose]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">300 Marks</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Grand Total</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2300 Marks</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/%7Er/AnuragShukla/%7E3/g6ki8Q59hzI/upscreference-books-for-preliminary.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email" name="1387673a96b8dd47_13853138562385b0_1381a3940a1d3db2_1381a2f24b9a5e1d_2" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,Sans-Serif; font-size: 18px;" target="_blank">UPSC:Reference Books For Preliminary Examination: General Studies</a>
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<span style="color: dimgrey; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Indian History - India Struggle for Independence by Bipin Chandra; NCERT Books ( XI & XII )<br />
2. Geography - Spectrum<br />3. Indian Polity - Constitution of India by Bakshi<br />4. Indian Economy - Plus One, Plus Two Books, Pratiyogita Darpan<br />5. General Science - Tata Mc Graw Hill Guide<br />6. Mental Ability - Quantitative Apitude by R.S. Aggarwal<br />
7. Current Affairs - Some magazines and Newspapers<br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: dimgrey; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">i. The Hindu/The Times of India</span><br />
<span style="color: dimgrey; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> ii. Frontline<br />iii. Civil Service Chronicle<br />iv. Chanakya<br />v. Competition WIZARD</span><br /><span style="color: dimgrey; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">vi. Civil Services Today</span></div>
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<span style="color: dimgrey; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8. Guides</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: dimgrey; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Tata Mc Graw Hill<br />
2. Spectrum<br />3. Unique</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #2080a0; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Topic Wise Reference On General Studies</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; color: dimgrey; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Books on Indian History & Culture:</span></b><span style="color: dimgrey; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
NCERT (+ 2 level) — Ancient India, Medieval India, Modern India.<br />Publication Division : Gazetteer of India (Vol 2 : History & Culture)<br />Gandhi Nehru Tagore & Ambedkar — Gopal Krishna<br />Bipin Chandra - Modern India<br />
A.C.Banerjee - History of Modern India Raghavan Aiyer — Mahatma Gandhi<br /><br /><b><span style="background: white;">Books on Geography:</span></b><br />NCERT : Physical Geography of India for X - XII Std<br />A Good School Atlas<br />
Sharma & Cotinho : Economic and Commercial Geography of India.<br />Khullar : India- A Comprehnsive Geography<br />Charles Farro : General Principles of World Geography<br />Charles Farro : Monsoon Asia Reports published by Centre for Science and Enviornment And Tata Energy Research Institute<br />
National journal - Kurukshetra, Yojana etc.<br />Down to earth<br /><br /><b><span style="background: white;">Books on Indian Economy:</span></b><br />NCERT (+1 level)—Evolution of Indian Economy(I C Dhingra).<br />Mishra & Puri or Dutt & Sundaram - Indian Economy<br />
Economic Survey<br />The Economic Times,Business Standard<br />Yojana<br /><br /><b><span style="background: white;">Books on Social and National Issues :</span></b><br />Social Problem - Ram Ahuja<br />Social Welfare Magazine - Published by ministry of social welfare<br />
Yojana/Kurukshetra<br />IIPa Journal<br /><br /><b><span style="background: white;">Books on Indian Polity:</span></b><br />NCERT (+1 level)—Indian Political System<br />N.L. Madan : Bhartiya Rajya Vyavastha<br />D.D. Basu—Indian Constitution<br />
Kashyap—Constitution of India<br />Publication Division—Subhash C. Kashyap : Our Parliament<br />P.M. Bakshi—Indian Constitution<br />Our Constitution : Subhash C. kashyap<br />Perspective on Constitution : S.C. Kashyap<br />Frontline Magazine<br />
IIPa Journal<br /><br /><b><span style="background: white;">Books on Science & Technology:</span></b><br />NCERT : (10 level) : Science, (+2 level) : Biology.<br />Popular Science Series (CSIR)<br />Reports Of the Ministry of Science and Technology Yojana<br />
Science Reporter<br />Science and Technology in India - Spectrum<br /><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: dimgrey; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Books on Statistics:</span></b><span style="color: dimgrey; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
(NCERT +1 level) Elementary Statistics<br />S.C.Gupta : Statistical Methods<br /><br /><b>Books on India and the World :</b><br />Journal of peace Studies<br />World Focus<br />Strategic Analysis<br />South Asian Journal<br /><br /><b>Other Books for General Studies:</b><br />
1. India Year Book latest<br />2. One competitive Magazine<br />3. Guides like Tata Mc Graw Hill,</span></div>
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<a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/%7Er/AnuragShukla/%7E3/8DiN0EvzoRQ/upsc-csat-analysis-2011.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email" name="1387673a96b8dd47_13853138562385b0_1381a3940a1d3db2_1381a2f24b9a5e1d_3" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,Sans-Serif; font-size: 18px;" target="_blank">UPSC: CSAT ANALYSIS 2011</a>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvxeoVJ4CyVCywF1Ph6PByJ60NcHpFkLlcZa5P-M-IppEtgjRkzM4bcd88jfPVoB53enhakxuYXSh8dowUYL3dwKTyqOtrtonre2lvta8lkifzF6ovqW9cd3yR4ZlJOSJu6bL_CkUI-k4/s1600/IGP-IAS-Pre-Image.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="202" width="320" /></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Paper
second contained only 80 questions but indeed it was a lengthy paper as
it was fully loaded with comprehension passages. Comprehensions
(bilingual) had 28 questions and English comprehension had 9 questions
which almost contains half the paper. Quantetive Aptitude section had 13
questions, Logical reasoning contributed 13 questions including 3
questions of syllogism and 9 questions were from data interpretation.
Decision making and problem solving had 8 questions which was purely
application based. You can better understand by the following Table:</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Comprehension</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">28</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">English Comprehension</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Quantitative Aptitude</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">13</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Logical Reasoning</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">13</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Data Interpretation</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Decision Making and Problem Solving</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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</span></span></span></span><span><span style="color: #888888;"><span><span style="color: #888888;"><br /><br clear="all" /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>-- </b></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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How to prepare for Prelims?</h2>
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<span style="font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">History</b></span></div>
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The areas to be covered are the history from ancient to modern period. </div>
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The basic understanding can be obtained from below 10th NCERT books. </div>
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The focus should be on modern Indian history, which is covered in the mains. </div>
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The basic knowledge in Ancient India and Medieval India is sufficient.</div>
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The NCERT books (Class XI and XII) are good enough for the purpose.</div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><u style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">You can refer following books</i></u></b></div>
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• <b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Ancient India , NCERT Class XI</b></div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">• Medieval India , NCERT Class XI</b></div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">• Modern India , NCERT Class XII</b></div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">• Modern India, Spectrum publications</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Polity</b></span></div>
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T<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">he Constitution and various related aspects should be done well. </span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Some articles and</span> facts should be memorised. </div>
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It is better to prepare this area well since it will be helpful in mains and interview.</div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><u style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Books to Refer:</i></u></b></div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The Indian Polity by Lakshmikanth and NCERT books are sufficient. </b></div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Also refer, DD Basu, The constitution of India</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Geography</b></span></div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><u style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">For Indian Geography</i></u></b></div>
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•<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Physical Geography of India, NCERT Class XI</b></div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">• Land and People, NCERT Class XI</b></div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><u style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">For World Geography</i></u></b></div>
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• <b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">General Studies Manual by TMH or Spectrum Publications.</b></div>
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For Both Indian and World Geography, follow Prelims issues by Civil Services</div>
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Chronicle Magazine or Competition Wizard Magazine.</div>
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<span style="font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Economy</b></span></div>
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The basic concepts are being asked along with current affairs based questions. </div>
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The basic clarity can be obtained from the standard books. </div>
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The current affairs can be studied from Economic Survey and the newspapers.</div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><u style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Suggested Reading:</i></u></b></div>
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•<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Economic Survey</b></div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">• Dutt & Sundaram or Mishra & Puri or IC Dhingra</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Sciences</b></span></div>
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Some times the questions are asked very difficult that even science students find it difficult to answer.</div>
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But the preparation should be in such a way that all the basic questions can be done correctly. </div>
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The questions are also asked in applications orientation.</div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><u style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Suggested Reading:</i></u></b></div>
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•<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Science and Technology, NCERT Class IX & X</b></div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">• What, Why & How books by CSIR.</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">This Section is newly introduced which is called PAPER - II.</b></span></div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><u style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The topics involved in this section are</i></u></b></div>
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<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Comprehension</b></li>
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<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Interpersonal skills including communication skills</b></li>
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<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Logical reasoning and analytical ability</b></li>
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<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Decision-making and problem solving</b></li>
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<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">General mental ability</b></li>
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<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc.) (Class X level), </b></li>
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<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. - Class X level)</b></li>
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<li style="list-style-position: outside; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">English Language Comprehension skills (Class X level).</b></li>
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<span style="font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">So, be good at basics on all these topics.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Refer books on CAT exam or Bank PO Exams. </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: red; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span></b><b style="color: red; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The Sample Questions in these Section is</b></span><span style="font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: red; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><a href="http://www.upsc.gov.in/questionpaper/csp2011/sampleQns/Revised%20Bilingual_Version_of_Sample_questions_for_website.pdf" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: red; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">like this</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Current Affairs</b></span></div>
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This has become a very important component. It also a scoring part for the Exam. </div>
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The preparation should be continuous from the sources given in mains strategy. </div>
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The notes should be focused on the factual aspects that come in the news. </div>
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Many questions are asked from this area, so prepare thoroughly. </div>
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The efforts will be useful for all stages of the exam. </div>
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It should become a part of your daily routine.</div>
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<u style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Suggested Reading:</b></i></u></div>
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<u style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></b></i></u></div>
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• The Hindu News paper</div>
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• Frontline Magazine</div>
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• Yojana Magazine</div>
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• Competition Wizard or Spectrum Issue on Current Affairs – This is just to make sure that you have covered all the current affairs issues in News Paper.</div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">General Knowledge</b></span></div>
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Quite a few questions are asked from this area. Some difficult questions are also asked. </div>
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Do not spend too much time in memorizing unnecessary facts. You should have a broad awareness about various fields. </div>
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At the same time, focus more on areas, which have been asked in the past.</div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">India Year Book</b> - This is important for the prelims and also for some mains two mark questions. But do not read every thing given in the book, be logical and concentrate on the basics, which can be asked in the exam. </div>
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You should prepare notes on the various terms that are given in the book. </div>
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Do not focus too much on unnecessary facts given in the book.</div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Manorama Year book</b> - This book should also be taken as reference.</div>
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For the GS prelims, if you want a compilation of all material at one point then can refer some standard guide like <b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">TMH</b>. </div>
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But <b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">do not ignore the NCERT</b> and other books since they give better clarity.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI',Calibri,'Myriad Pro',Myriad,'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span></div>Durga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-22027617723453774042012-02-04T08:20:00.002-08:002012-02-05T10:36:26.303-08:00Directions towards IAS..../ Civils...<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Agency FB', sans-serif;color:#C00000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;"><b></b></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Agency FB', sans-serif;color:#C00000;"><b><p style="line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:150%;font-family:"Agency FB","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:20.0pt;color:#C00000;">With the onset of globalization and the evolving dynamics post-global financial crisis has raised the importance of economics in the policy and academic discourse. In addition to this at the domestic level the changes in the very structure of the Indian economy is leading to a paradigmatic shift in the policy focus. For instance with the enunciation of “inclusive growth” in the Eleventh FYP, the policies have become more focused towards the welfare of the common man and their rights. These changes are having far reaching impact on the society and polity. Moreover the climate change concerns in the policy and academic circles have also given rise to a gamut of issues. These all developments within and outside the country has not gone unnoticed by the UPSC and hence a frequent change in the syllabus, questions nature and the pattern of the IAS exam.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style="line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:150%;font-family:"Agency FB","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:20.0pt;color:#C00000;">The change at the Preliminary exam has occurred in the form of CSAT and there is near 100 per cent probability that the Mains pattern may also see a change in near future. In which direction the change will be? Keeping our finger cross the answer to this question can gauge from the analysis of past year papers and the changed syllabus of the Preliminary exam.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style="line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:150%;font-family:"Agency FB","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:20.0pt;color:#C00000;">The analysis of the past years question papers of the preliminary exam shows that the emphasis on the economy section has increased and more so after the onset of the global financial crisis. The number of questions asked from economy section has increased from 5-6 to 30-35. Moreover the nature of the questions has also become more contemporary, analytical and inter-disciplinary. For instance, see the question below:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p></b></span><p></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style=" Arial","sans-serif";font-family:";font-size:28.0pt;color:#7030A0;">• Why is the offering of “teaser loans” by commercial banks a cause of economic concern?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style=" font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:20.0pt;color:#222222;">1. The teaser loans are considered to be an aspect of sub-prime lending and banks may be exposed to the risk of defaulters in future.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />2. In India, the teaser loans are mostly given to inexperienced entrepreneurs to set up manufacturing or export units.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style=" font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:20.0pt;color:#222222;">Which of the statements given above is/are correct?<br />(a) 1 only <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(b) 2 only<br />(c) Both 1 and 2<br />(d) Neither 1 nor 2<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style=" font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:20.0pt;color:#222222;">• In the Union Budget 2011-12, a full exemption from the basic customs duty was extended to the biobased asphalt (bioashphalt). What is the importance of this material?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />1. Unlike traditional asphalt, bio-asphalt is not based on fossil fuels.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />2. Bioasphalt can be made from non-renewable resources.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />3. Bioasphalt can be made from organic waste materials.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />4. It is eco-friendly to use biosphalt for surfacing of the roads.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style=" font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:20.0pt;color:#222222;">Which of the statements given above are correct?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(a) 1, 2 and 3 only <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(b) 1, 3 and 4 only <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(c) 2 and 4 only <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style=" font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:20.0pt;color:#222222;">• In terms of economy, the visit by foreign nationals to witness the XIX common Wealth Games in India amounted to <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(a) Export <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(b) Import<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(c) Production<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(d) Consumption<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style=" Arial","sans-serif";font-family:";font-size:22.0pt;color:#00B050;">In the above given two questions it can be seen that the question asked are contemporary and analytical and inter-disciplinary in nature. But it does not mean that “evergreen” concepts of economics like instruments of inflation like repo rate, CRR, and like be given a pass by. It is because on the one hand it’s the understanding of these concepts which will help one in solving the question which are contemporary and analytical. On the other hand they will remain the favourite area.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style=" Arial","sans-serif";font-family:";font-size:22.0pt;color:#00B050;">The increase in the number of question being asked from economy section and its offshoots is likely to remain in near future. This can be seen from the change of the syllabus both at the preliminary and mains level. At the preliminary level the heading of the Indian economy has been changed to “Economic and Social Development-Sustainable development.” Since the “inclusive growth” and “sustainable development” are the new paradigm in the policy discourse, which are nothing but the application part of the subject Economics, it is expected that it is likely to remain so, therefore the nature and trend of the questions will also remain the same as it was in 2010 and 2011 preliminary exam. Thus it is essential for an IAS aspirant to keep a tab on the various developments in the global and the Indian economy so as to have a basic and deeper understanding of the concepts and policy formulated for the application part of the economics.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style=" font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:20.0pt;color:#0070C0;">The student should go through<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style=" font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:20.0pt;color:#0070C0;">• The NCERT books to understand the basic concepts to handle the contemporary and conceptual questions.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style=" font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:20.0pt;color:#0070C0;">• The study of Economic Survey (to understand the policies and functioning of government related to economic activities) and Census 2011 (to understand the demographic profile of the country) is must.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style=" font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:20.0pt;color:#0070C0;">• The special reports released by UNDP, World Bank, WTO.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style=" font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:20.0pt;color:#0070C0;">• Newspapers and monthly Magazine to remain up to date of the happenings in the economic world.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%;background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellowfont-size:24.0pt;color:#C00000;"></span>Prepared by - ANUSHA</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:24.0pt;color:#C00000;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 14px; "></span></b></p><b><h6 class="uiStreamMessage uiStreamHeadline" style="font-size: 11px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: normal; "><div class="actorDescription actorName" ft="{"type":2}" style="padding-bottom: 3px; font-weight: bold; "><a href="https://www.facebook.com/durgaanusha" hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=100001335926938" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(59, 89, 152); text-decoration: none; ">Durga Anusha</a></div></h6><h6 class="uiStreamMessage" ft="{"type":1}" style="font-size: 11px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: normal; "><span class="messageBody" ft="{"type":3}"><div id="id_4f2ec773804b67d83707212" class="text_exposed_root text_exposed" style="display: inline; ">The notification of the Civil Services Examination has been announced by UPSC. There is no major change in the syllabus and pattern of the examination this year.<br />Salient points to remember for the aspirants before filling the examination form:<br /><br />a) Preliminary Examination of the Civil Services Examination will be held by the Union Public Service Commission on 20th May, 2012.<br />b) The number of vac<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; ">ancies to be filled by the examination is expected to be approximately 1037.<br />c) Candidates are required to apply Online by using the website <a href="http://www.upsconline.nic.in/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow nofollow" onmousedown="UntrustedLink.bootstrap($(this), "hAQEk2dW7AQGKZxRpsn0XlXzi6TFph9EVv3sS-fAWD_ME8g", event, bagof(null));" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(59, 89, 152); text-decoration: none; ">www.upsconline.nic.in</a>only. This year offline mode facility has not been provided to aspirants.<br />d) The Print-out of the application form should not be send to UPSC.<br />e) The Online applications (Part I and II) can be filled from 4th February 2012 to 5th March, 2012 till 11:59 p.m. after which link will be disabled.<br />f) Before filling up Online Application, a candidate must have his photograph and signature duly scanned in the .jpg format in such a manner that each file should not exceed 40 KB and must not be less than 3 KB in size for the photograph and 1 KB for the signature.<br />g) The candidates are required to pay a fee of Rs. 50/- (Rupees Fifty only) (excepting Female/SC/ST/PH candidates who are exempted from payment of fee) either by remitting the money in any branch of SBI by cash, or by using net banking facility of State Bank of India/State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur/State Bank of Hyderabad/State Bank of Mysore/State Bank of Patiala/State Bank of Travancore or by using any Visa/Master Credit/Debit Card.<br />h) Applicants should avoid submitting multiple applications. However, if due to any unavoidable circumstances any applicant submits multiple applications then the applications with higher RID shall be entertained by the Commission.<br />i) The e-Admission Certificate will be made available on the UPSC website [<a href="http://www.upsc.gov.in/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow nofollow" onmousedown="UntrustedLink.bootstrap($(this), "xAQF-hoKdAQEEky40DR4OgeMa0TvEbEqMfUUs_gzKYXuWDA", event, bagof(null));" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(59, 89, 152); text-decoration: none; ">www.upsc.gov.in</a>] for downloading by candidates. 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"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/drtps/290694804324146/" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); text-decoration: none; "><abbr title="Saturday, February 4, 2012 at 9:35pm" utime="1328371508" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; ">Yesterday at 9:35pm</abbr></a> via <a href="https://www.facebook.com/mobile/?v=web" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); text-decoration: none; ">mobile</a></span></span></div></div><div><ul class="uiList uiUfi focus_target fbUfi" ft="{"type":30}" style="list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 398px; "><li class="ufiNub uiListItem uiListVerticalItemBorder" style="display: block; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; margin-bottom: -2px; margin-top: 0px; "><i style="background-image: url(https://s-static.ak.facebook.com/rsrc.php/v1/y7/r/UvyvLtJTQzO.png); 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background-repeat: no-repeat; display: block; height: 13px; width: 15px; background-position: 0px -45px; "></label></a><div class="UIImageBlock_Content UIImageBlock_ICON_Content" style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: top; width: 10000px; padding-top: 1px; "><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ViperRaj14" hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=1439119385" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(59, 89, 152); text-decoration: none; ">Prudhvi Raj</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/adykashyap" hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=827052402" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(59, 89, 152); text-decoration: none; ">Aditya Kashyap</a> and <a href="https://www.facebook.com/browse/likes/?id=290694804324146" rel="dialog" ajaxify="/ajax/browser/dialog/likes/?id=290694804324146" title="See people who like this item" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(59, 89, 152); text-decoration: none; ">2 others</a> like this.</div></div></li><li class="uiUfiComments uiListItem uiListVerticalItemBorder" ft="{"type":32}" style="display: block; 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color: rgb(59, 89, 152); text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; zoom: 1; background-image: url(https://s-static.ak.facebook.com/rsrc.php/v1/yA/r/4WSewcWboV8.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; height: 15px; width: 15px; -webkit-background-clip: padding-box; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: transparent; vertical-align: top; opacity: 0; "></a></div></div></div><div class="commentContent UIImageBlock_Content UIImageBlock_SMALL_Content" ft="{"type":33}" style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: top; width: 10000px; padding-top: 1px; "><a class="actorName" ft="{"type":35}" href="https://www.facebook.com/ajay.maryala" hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=100000666563598" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(59, 89, 152); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; ">Ajay Kumar Maryala</a> <span jsid="text" class="commentBody">Thank you anusha, these will be useful tips, specially the multiple/double filled application one.<br /><br />I wish all the aspirants of civils 2012 to make their dreams come true</span><div class="commentActions fsm fwn fcg" style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; color: gray; padding-top: 2px; "><abbr title="Sunday, February 5, 2012 at 10:37pm" utime="1328461625" class="timestamp livetimestamp" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; ">about an hour ago</abbr> via <a class="uiLinkSubtle" href="https://www.facebook.com/mobile/" style="cursor: pointer; color: gray; text-decoration: none; ">mobile</a> · <span class="comment_like_291424147584545 fsm fwn fcg" ft="{"type":36}" style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; color: gray; "><button class="stat_elem as_link cmnt_like_link" type="submit" name="like_comment_id[291424147584545]" value="291424147584545" title="Like this comment" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; color: rgb(59, 89, 152); cursor: pointer; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: left; width: auto; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="default_message" style="display: inline; ">Like</span></button></span></div></div></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></form></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><br /></b></p>Dr T P Sasikumarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15630087131073918901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-6684450581582685622012-02-04T08:20:00.001-08:002012-02-04T08:20:48.050-08:00Directions towards IAS..../ Civils...<p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:20.0pt; font-family:"Agency FB","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:#C00000">With the onset of globalization and the evolving dynamics post-global financial crisis has raised the importance of economics in the policy and academic discourse. In addition to this at the domestic level the changes in the very structure of the Indian economy is leading to a paradigmatic shift in the policy focus. For instance with the enunciation of “inclusive growth” in the Eleventh FYP, the policies have become more focused towards the welfare of the common man and their rights. These changes are having far reaching impact on the society and polity. Moreover the climate change concerns in the policy and academic circles have also given rise to a gamut of issues. These all developments within and outside the country has not gone unnoticed by the UPSC and hence a frequent change in the syllabus, questions nature and the pattern of the IAS exam.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:20.0pt; font-family:"Agency FB","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:#C00000">The change at the Preliminary exam has occurred in the form of CSAT and there is near 100 per cent probability that the Mains pattern may also see a change in near future. In which direction the change will be? Keeping our finger cross the answer to this question can gauge from the analysis of past year papers and the changed syllabus of the Preliminary exam.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:20.0pt; font-family:"Agency FB","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:#C00000">The analysis of the past years question papers of the preliminary exam shows that the emphasis on the economy section has increased and more so after the onset of the global financial crisis. The number of questions asked from economy section has increased from 5-6 to 30-35. Moreover the nature of the questions has also become more contemporary, analytical and inter-disciplinary. For instance, see the question below:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#7030A0">• Why is the offering of “teaser loans” by commercial banks a cause of economic concern?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:20.0pt; font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:#222222">1. The teaser loans are considered to be an aspect of sub-prime lending and banks may be exposed to the risk of defaulters in future.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />2. In India, the teaser loans are mostly given to inexperienced entrepreneurs to set up manufacturing or export units.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:20.0pt; font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:#222222">Which of the statements given above is/are correct?<br />(a) 1 only <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(b) 2 only<br />(c) Both 1 and 2<br />(d) Neither 1 nor 2<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:20.0pt; font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:#222222">• In the Union Budget 2011-12, a full exemption from the basic customs duty was extended to the biobased asphalt (bioashphalt). What is the importance of this material?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />1. Unlike traditional asphalt, bio-asphalt is not based on fossil fuels.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />2. Bioasphalt can be made from non-renewable resources.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />3. Bioasphalt can be made from organic waste materials.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />4. It is eco-friendly to use biosphalt for surfacing of the roads.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:20.0pt; font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:#222222">Which of the statements given above are correct?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(a) 1, 2 and 3 only <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(b) 1, 3 and 4 only <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(c) 2 and 4 only <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:20.0pt; font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:#222222">• In terms of economy, the visit by foreign nationals to witness the XIX common Wealth Games in India amounted to <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(a) Export <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(b) Import<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(c) Production<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />(d) Consumption<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:22.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#00B050">In the above given two questions it can be seen that the question asked are contemporary and analytical and inter-disciplinary in nature. But it does not mean that “evergreen” concepts of economics like instruments of inflation like repo rate, CRR, and like be given a pass by. It is because on the one hand it’s the understanding of these concepts which will help one in solving the question which are contemporary and analytical. On the other hand they will remain the favourite area.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:22.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#00B050">The increase in the number of question being asked from economy section and its offshoots is likely to remain in near future. This can be seen from the change of the syllabus both at the preliminary and mains level. At the preliminary level the heading of the Indian economy has been changed to “Economic and Social Development-Sustainable development.” Since the “inclusive growth” and “sustainable development” are the new paradigm in the policy discourse, which are nothing but the application part of the subject Economics, it is expected that it is likely to remain so, therefore the nature and trend of the questions will also remain the same as it was in 2010 and 2011 preliminary exam. Thus it is essential for an IAS aspirant to keep a tab on the various developments in the global and the Indian economy so as to have a basic and deeper understanding of the concepts and policy formulated for the application part of the economics.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:20.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:#0070C0">The student should go through<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:20.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:#0070C0">• The NCERT books to understand the basic concepts to handle the contemporary and conceptual questions.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:20.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:#0070C0">• The study of Economic Survey (to understand the policies and functioning of government related to economic activities) and Census 2011 (to understand the demographic profile of the country) is must.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:20.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:#0070C0">• The special reports released by UNDP, World Bank, WTO.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:20.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:#0070C0">• Newspapers and monthly Magazine to remain up to date of the happenings in the economic world.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:24.0pt;line-height:115%;color:#C00000;background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow"></span>Prepared by - ANUSHA</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:24.0pt;line-height: 115%;color:#C00000"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>Dr T P Sasikumarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15630087131073918901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-58850634739346153392011-12-17T08:15:00.000-08:002012-11-11T07:23:28.937-08:00ELIGIBILITY --- Civils !!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular;">
</span>
<h1 title="Eligibility for IAS Exam">
<span style="color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular;">Eligibility for IAS Exam</span></h1>
<span style="color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular;">
</span><br />
<span style="color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular;">The Candidates applying for the examination should ensure that they fulfill
all eligibility conditions for admission to examination. Their admission to
all the stages of the examination will be purely provisional subject to
satisfying the prescribed eligibility conditions.
Mere issue of admission certificate to the candidate will not imply that his/
her candidature has been finally cleared by the Commission.
Commission take up verification of eligibility conditions with reference to
original documents only after the candidate has qualified for Interview/
Personality Test</span><br />
<span style="color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular;">
<b>Academic Eligibility for IAS Exams</b><br />
<ul>
<li>The candidate must hold a degree of any of Universities incorporated by an Act of the
Central or State Legislature in India or other educational institutions established by an
Act of Parliament or declared to be deemed as a University Under Section-3 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956, or
possess an equivalent qualification</li>
<li>Candidates who have appeared or intend to appear for the qualifying
examination and are awaiting results are also eligible to appear for the
Preliminary Examination. All such candidates who qualify to appear for
the Civil Services Main Examination must produce proof of having passed
the said examination along with their application for the Main
Examination.</li>
<li>The UPSC may in exceptional cases treat a candidate without the
foregoing requisite qualification as an eligible candidate if he / she
has passed an examination conducted by other institutions, the standard
of which justifies his / her admission in the opinion of the Commission.</li>
<li>Candidates with professional and technical qualifications recognised
by the Government as equivalent to professional and technical degrees.</li>
<li>Candidates who have passed the final year of MBBS or any Medical
Examination but are yet to complete the internship can also appear for
the Main Examination. However they must submit along with their Main
Examination application, a certificate from the concerned authority of
the University / Institution that they have passed the final
professional medical examination. At the Interview stage they must then
produce a certificate from a competent authority that they have
completed (including internship) all the requirements for the award of
the Medical Degree.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>Restrictions on applying for the examination :</b><br /><br />
A candidate who is appointed to the Indian examination and continues to
be a member of that service will not be eligible to
compete at this examination.In case such a candidate is appointed to the
IAS/IFS after the Preliminary Examination of Civil Services
Examination, 2012 is over and he/she continues to be a member of that
service, he/she shall not be eligible to appear in the Civil Services
(Main) Examination, 2012 notwithstanding his/her having qualified in the
Preliminary Examination, 2012.<br /><br />
Also provided that if such a candidate is appointed to IAS/IFS after
the commencement of the Civil Services (Main) Examination, 2012 but
before the result thereof and continues to be a member of that service,
he/she shall not be considered for
appointment to any service/post on the basis of the result of this
examination viz.Civil Services Examination, 2012.<br /><br />
<b>Other Eligibility Conditions for IAS Exams :</b><br /><br />
<b>(i) Nationality :</b><br />
<ol>
<li type="1">For the Indian Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service, a candidate must be a citizen of India.</li>
<br />
<li type="1">For other services, a candidate must be either :—</li>
</ol>
<ol>
<li type="a"> a citizen of India, or</li>
<li type="a"> a subject of Nepal, or</li>
<li type="a"> a subject of Bhutan, or</li>
<li type="a"> a Tibetan refugee who came over to India before 1st January, 1962 with the intention of permanently settling in India, or</li>
<li type="a"> a person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, East
African countries of Kenya, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire, Ethiopia and Vietnam with the
intention of permanently settling in India.<br /><br />
Provided that a candidate belonging to categories (b), (c), (d) and
(e) shall be a person in whose favour a certificate of eligibility has
been issued by the Government of
India.<br /><br />
Provided further that candidates belonging to categories (b), (c) and (d) above will
not be eligible for appointment to the Indian Foreign Service.<br /><br />
A candidate in whose case a certificate of eligibility is necessary, may
be admitted to the examination but the offer of appointment may be
given only after the necessary eligibility certificate has been issued
to him/her by the Government of India.</li>
</ol>
<b>(ii) Age Limits :</b><br /><br />
<ol type="a">
<li>A candidate must have attained the age of 21 years and must not have
attained
the age of 30 years on 1st August, 2012, i.e. he/she must have been born
not earlier than 2nd August, 1982 and not later than 1st August, 1991.</li>
<li>The upper age limit prescribed above will be relaxable :</li>
</ol>
<ol>
<li type="i">upto a maximum of five years if a candidate belongs to a Scheduled Caste or a
Scheduled Tribe.</li>
<li type="i">upto a maximum of three years in the case of candidates
belonging to Other Backward Classes who are eligible to avail of
reservation applicable to such candidates.</li>
<li type="i">upto a maximum of five years if a candidate had ordinarily been domiciled in the
State of Jammu & Kashmir during the period from the 1st January, 1980 to the 31st
day of December, 1989.</li>
<li type="i">upto a maximum of three years in the case of Defence
Services personnel disabled in operations during hostilities with any
foreign country or in a disturbed area
and released as a consequence thereof.</li>
<li type="i"> upto a maximum of five years in the case of ex-servicemen including Commissioned Officers and ECOs/SSCOs who
have rendered at least five years Military Service as on 1st August, 2012 and have been released .
<ul>
<li> on completion of assignment (including those whose assignment is due to be completed within one year from
1st August, 2012) otherwise than by way of dismissal or discharge on account of misconduct or inefficiency, or </li>
<li> on account of physical disability attributable to Military
Service, or</li>
<li> on invalidment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li type="i"> Upto a maximum of five years in the
case of ECOs/SSCOs who have completed an initial period of assignment of
five years Military Service as on 1st August, 2012 and whose
assignment has been extended beyond five years and in whose
case the Ministry of Defence issues a certificate that they can apply
for civil employment and that they will be released on three months
notice on selection from the date
of receipt of offer of appointment.</li>
<li type="i">upto a maximum of 10 years in the case of blind, deaf - muteand orthopaedically handicapped persons.</li>
</ol>
<b>NOTE I:</b><br />
Candidates belonging to the Scheduled
Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and the
Other Backward Classes who are also covered under any other clauses of para 3(ii)
(b) above, viz. those coming under the category of Ex-servicemen, persons domiciled in the State of J & K, blind, deaf-mute
and orthopaedically handicapped etc. will
be eligible for grant of cumulative age-relaxation under both the categories.<br /><br />
<b>NOTE II:</b><br />
The term ex-servicemen will apply to the
persons who are defined as ex-servicemen in the Ex-servicemen (Re-employment
in Civil Services and Posts) Rules, 1979,
as amended from time to time.<br /><br />
<b>NOTE III :</b><br />
The age concession under para 3(ii) (b)
(v) and (vi) will not be admissible to ExServicemen and Commissioned Officers
including ECOs/SSCOs who are released
on own request.<br /><br />
<b>NOTE IV:</b><br />
Notwithstanding the provision of age-relaxation under para 3 (ii) (b) (vii) above, a
physically disabled candidate will be considered to be eligible for appointment only
if he/she (after such physical examination
as the Government or appointing authority, as the case may be, may prescribe) is
found to satisfy the requirements of physical and medical standards for the concerned Services/posts to be allocated to
the physically disabled candidates by the
Government.</span><br />
<h2 style="color: #644322; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 3px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 3px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 3px; text-decoration: underline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"> </span></h2>
<h2 style="color: #644322; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 3px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 3px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 3px; text-decoration: underline;">
http://www.civilserviceindia.com/civil-services-eligibility.html</h2>
<h2 style="color: #644322; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 3px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 3px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 3px; text-decoration: underline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"> </span></h2>
<h2 style="color: #644322; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 3px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 3px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 3px; text-decoration: underline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;">Natonality</span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 22px;">
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><img src="http://www.linkingsky.com/images/1.gif" />Only Indian nationals are eligible for IAS and IPS.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><img src="http://www.linkingsky.com/images/1.gif" />For other services a candidate can be either of the following:</span></li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><img src="http://www.linkingsky.com/images/1.gif" />a citizen of India,</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><img src="http://www.linkingsky.com/images/1.gif" />a subject of Nepal,</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><img src="http://www.linkingsky.com/images/1.gif" />a subject of Bhutan,</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><img src="http://www.linkingsky.com/images/1.gif" /> Tibetan refugee who came over to India before January 1, 1962 with the intention of permanently settling in India,</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><img src="http://www.linkingsky.com/images/1.gif" />a person of Indian origin who has migrated from Burma, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Vietnam, Zaire or Zambia with the intention of permanently settling in India.</span></li>
</ol>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><br />Candidates belonging to either categories of b, c, d or e, must produce an eligibility certificate issued by the Government of India. Those who belong to either of b, c, or d, categories are not eligible for appointment to the Indian Foreign Service.</span><br />
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"></span></span><br />
<h2 style="color: #644322; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 3px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 3px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 3px; text-decoration: underline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;">Academic IAS exam Eligibility</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 22px;">
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><img src="http://www.linkingsky.com/images/1.gif" />A degree of any of the Universities incorporated by an Act of the Central or State Legislature in India or other educatsional institutions established by an Act of Parliament or declared to be a Deemed University under the UGC Act, 1956, or an equivalent qualification.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><img src="http://www.linkingsky.com/images/1.gif" />Candidates who have appeared or intend to appear for the qualifying examination and are awaiting results are also eligible to appear for the Preliminary Examination. All such candidates who qualify to appear for the Civil Services Main Examination must produce proof of having passed the said examination along with their application for the Main Examination.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><img src="http://www.linkingsky.com/images/1.gif" />The UPSC may in exceptional cases treat a candidate without the foregoing requisite qualification as an eligible candidate as per following conditions,</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 22px;">
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><img src="http://www.linkingsky.com/images/1.gif" />he / she has passed an examination conducted by other institutions, the standard of which justifies his / her admission in the opinion of the Commission.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><img src="http://www.linkingsky.com/images/1.gif" />Candidates with professional and technical qualifications recognised by the Government as equivalent to professional and technical degrees.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><img src="http://www.linkingsky.com/images/1.gif" />Candidates who have passed the final year of MBBS or any Medical Examination but are yet to complete the internship can also appear for the Main Examination. However they must submit along with their Main Examination application, a certificate from the concerned authority of the University / Institution that they have passed the final professional medical examination. At the Interview stage they must then produce a certificate from a competent authority that they have completed (including internship) all the requirements for the award of the Medical Degree.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><a href="http://www.linkingsky.com/government-exams/upsc/civil-services/eligibility_how_to_apply.html">http://www.linkingsky.com/government-exams/upsc/civil-services/eligibility_how_to_apply.html</a></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Dr T P Sasikumarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15630087131073918901noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-27499463004311216792011-11-11T09:11:00.000-08:002011-11-11T09:11:34.703-08:00IAS....<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">IAS continues to be the first choice for career aspirants in India. Every year, around four to five lakh candidates apply for the coveted civil services exam. Starting 2011, it will be CSAT (Civil Services Aptitude Test) in place of the present preliminary exam. Those who clear CSAT will be eligible for the main exam followed by the interview. Considering the revised syllabus and the new pattern of the IAS preliminary exam, here are a few pointers which may help you crack the IAS exam.</span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">TIPS</span> </u></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><i>1:The thirst to excel and to keep your vision alive is important.</i></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><i><br />
</i></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><i>2:A clear focus and a practical roadmap till the prelims are imperative. A precise plan on what to study each day is likely to work best.</i></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><i><br />
</i></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><i>3: First, study each topic from the IAS Prelims Magic Book, followed by the NCERT book along with other reference books. Further, continue noting down important points from the other recommended text books.</i></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><i><br />
</i></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><i>4: Make sure you read newspapers. Also, note down landmark events and breaking news reports on a daily basis. Year Books, preferably the India Year Book 2011, published by publications division, government of India, could be of help</i></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><i>.</i></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><i>5:Practice and sheer practice is the true mantra for success . The new exam pattern demands nothing less than that. Try and attempt as many mock tests as possible. A good coaching institute for the same will give you an added advantage.</i></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><i><br />
</i></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><i>6:Post SAT, continue with your preparation. The following months will be crucial than the months prior to CSAT and your preparation should be in full swing. Those who have passed the exam in their first attempt in 2010, stress that a month-long intensive preparation is sufficient for one 'optional.' And make sure you practice your writing skills. Once the main exams are over, you should start preparing for the interview. </i></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><i><br />
</i></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><i>7: The preparation period may be tough and you may at times want to give up. But make sure you are organised and calm. This will help you to hold yourself together and remain focussed.</i></span></b><br />
</div>Durga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-87513704106361504592011-08-14T22:51:00.002-07:002011-08-14T22:51:48.673-07:00Reasons To Ban Currency Notes Good Topic For Civil Services Exam.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Reasons to Ban Currency Notes of Rs.500 and Rs 1000 in India</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Effects of Ban on Currency notes of Rs. 500 and 1000.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Yes it is possible to ban Currency notes of Rs. 1000 and Rs.500.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Yes it is the necessity to ban Currency notes of Rs. 1000 and Rs.500 in India.</div><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;"><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Currently how the total Indian currency is divided?</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1. Rs.100 Notes = 23%</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">2. Rs.500 notes = 44%</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">3. Rs.1000 notes = 24%</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Notes of 100,500 and1000 Rs. account for 93% of the Total Currency Money.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Fake currency notes are also found only in the currency notes of Rs.500 and Rs. 1000.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">As per media reports currently fake currency in circulation in India is more than Rs 1,69,000 to 200,000 Crore</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Please know that Reserve Bank of India has no power to ban the currency notes of 500 and 1000.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Only government of India is allowed to ban the currency notes.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Only government of India got power to ban the currency notes.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The central bank only prints currency notes, denominations are decided by the government,"</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Government of India Reports says that 70% Indians earn daily Rs.20.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">If someone is earning Rs.20 daily then he must be spending Rs.20 daily.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">I assume that if any Indian is earning Rs.100 daily then also he can spend daily Rs.100.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">What is the meaning per capita income?</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">What is the definition of Per capita income?</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Per capita income is calculated by evenly dividing the national income among the country's population.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Per capita income – income per person in a population</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Per capita income is often used to measure a country's standard of living.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Now Know the Per Capita Income of few countries</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1. per capita income of US is 40000$</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">2. per capita income of UK is 20000£</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">3. per capita income of Japan is 40,00,000¥</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">4. Per capita income of India is projected to grow by 17.3 per cent to Rs 54,527 in 2010-11 from Rs 46,492 in the year-ago period. Currently Per capita income of India is Rs.46, 492. Per capita income (at 2004-05 prices) stood at Rs 36,003 in FY 2011 against Rs 33,731 in the previous fiscal, according to the latest data on national income. Official data released on Feb.7 2011.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">5. Per capita income of India in US dollars will be $ 1041.6321 as per conversion rate June 8, 2011. INR Rs. 46, 492 = US $ 1041.6321</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Divide Per capita income with highest denominator note and you will find the magic number and magic number for US is 400, UK is 400 and Japan is 400 and India is 37.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">India needs to get the magic number 400.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Now what is the highest currency denominator in USA, UK and India?</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1. USA highest currency denominator is $ 100 and Per capita income is 40000$</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">2. UK highest currency denominator is 50£ and per capita income is 20000£</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">3. India Highest currency denominator is Rs. 1000 and per capita income is $ 1041 or INR Rs. 46, 492</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Now do you see that ratio of Per capita income and highest denominator currency?</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1. USA = 40,000 $ = highest currency note 100$</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">2. India = 1041 $ = highest currency note is INR Rs 1000 = 22.409 $</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">When highest denominator note is 100$ what is the per capita income?</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Per capita income is 40,000 $</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In other language when per capita income is 40,000$ what should be the highest denominator note?</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It is 100$</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Now divide 40,000 by 100 it will be 400.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Now what is the per capita income of India it is $ 1041</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Then what should be the highest denominator note for India.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">40 000 = 100</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1041 =?</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The answer is 2.60$ should be the highest denominator note for India.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">100 Rs. = US $ 2.24 - As per Conversion rate on June 8, 2011</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1041 multiply 100 = 104100</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Now divide it with 40,000 it will be 2.60%</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Now same way if you will find different nations you will come to know that</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Their ratio of per capita income to highest denominator currency is 400.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">For UK magic number is 400</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">For Japan magic number is 400.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Not exactly 400 but it will be near to that in every developed country.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Thus India does not need the currency notes of more than Rs.100.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Today in India when we read about corruption amounts and fake currency notes found the number is in Crores always.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Did you ever heard that fake currency notes of 50 and 100 found in Crores of Rs?</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Did you ever heard that bribe of Rs.1 Crore given in notes of Rs.50 and 100 notes?</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">These types of cases are rare I have never heard or read about this.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">I am not here writing how the corruption happens in India.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Every one knows when corruption happens corrupt people use currency notes of Rs. 500 and 1000</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">To give bribe everyone knows that currency notes of Rs. 500 and 1000 are used.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">What will happen if suddenly Government of India bans Rs.500 and Rs.1000 notes?</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Nothing will happen for few days people will find it very difficult to do business.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">To gain something one has to suffer the pain also.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In developed nations 90% transactions happen through banking system.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In India only 20% transactions happen through banking system.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Today why no one is interested in the development of banking system of India?</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The reason is easy access to high denomination notes.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Once we will ban these notes village people will also demand open the banks in our area.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">All the banks will see the growth opportunities in village and they will start to open banks in villages.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">If you will ask any economist if he will tell you that good country is one where all the transactions happen through banking system.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Keeping poor people out of banking system is not good sign for any country.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">I think that presence of high value notes in any country is the sign of corrupt country and corrupt culture and corrupt politicians.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Do you know that America also banned the high denomination notes in America in year 1969?</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Year 1969 America banned High value notes to stop corruption.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">America became the very corrupt country. The criminals, mafia dons and white collar criminals took full control of American economy.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">That time American banking system was not developed.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">All the transactions happened in Cash using notes of $ 500, 1000, 5000, 10000 including one lakh dollar note.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">American population citizens were suffering because of corruption of politicians and mafia and white collar criminals.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In this situation President Richard Nixon took the bold step.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">He did what no one expected.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In year 1969 President Nixon withdrew all the notes of higher than 100$</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It was a great blow to corrupt people; this started the development of American banking system also.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">American people found it very difficult to shift suddenly but to get something one has to suffer the pain also.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">White collar criminals and politicians found it very difficult to accept bribes and do the corruption this it helped to reduce the corruption in America also.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">As the notes of higher denomination were banned, baking system started to develop very fast in USA.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Now when we will ban the Notes of Rs.500 and Rs.1000 common citizens of India will face the problems for few months, but they will get used to banking system.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Government will be forced to develop our banking system in India.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Always remember purpose of Rs.500 and Rs.1000 notes is nothing but to develop black economy in India.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">To take and give bribe, to do corruption.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Do you want Corrupt India or Honest India?</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">What America can do it why we Indians can not do it?</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Demand and Support ban.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Ban Rs.500 and Rs.1000 notes in India.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">And start a journey towards Honest India.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Source <a href="http://realityviews.blogspot.com/2011/06/reasons-to-ban-currency-notes-of-rs500.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://realityviews.blogspot.com/2011/06/reasons-to-ban-currency-notes-of-rs500.html</a>?</div></span></div>Durga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-81166695566728392452011-08-14T22:51:00.000-07:002011-08-14T22:51:07.124-07:00Projected world heritage sites<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Apart from the 28 sites inscribed on the World Heritage list, India has also maintained a list of tentative sites for recognition which has been submitted to UNESCO Committee for evaluation and acceptance. This procedure of prelisting is a prerequisite for the nominations for the World Heritage list to be accepted</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Projected world heritage sites:-</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">1<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;">. Alchi Monastery</span></strong><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;"></span></div><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;"><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Alchi Monastery</strong> or <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Alchi Gompa</strong> is a Buddhist monastery, known more as a monastic complex (chos-'khor) of temples in Alchi village in the Leh District, of the Indian state under the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council of Jammu and Kashmir. The complex comprises four separate settlements in the Alchi village in the lower Ladakh region with monuments dated to different periods. Of these four hamlets, Alchi monastery is said to be the oldest and most famous. It is administered by the Likir Monastery.[1][2][3]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;"> Dukhang</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Dukhang or the Assembly Hall is at the heart of the monastery complex, where monks perform worship and ceremonies. It is large and ancient, and the original wooden door frame is retained. Many additions were made to the ancient structure during the 12th and 13th centuries.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;"> Sumtseg</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> The Alchi Sumtseg in the Alchi complex is one of the most outstanding, but its purpose is not clearly established.[11] The Sumtseg (<em style="line-height: 16px;">gSum-brtsegs</em>) means a three storied building, though small, was built with loam and natural stone (reflected in the bland exterior) in the Tibetan building tradition. However, the luxuriant woodwork columns, facades, walls, clay images and paintings in the interior of the monastery were made by Kashmiri artists.[6]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Manjushri Temple</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;"> From various analysis of the iconography of the temple compared with that of the Sumtseg and Sumda Assembly hall, it has been inferred that the temple dates to around 1225 AD.[14] Manjushri Temple, also called 'Jampe Lhakhang', is built around the four central images of Manjushri (seated back to back) seen on a common platform that is 5.7 metres (19 ft) square</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
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</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">2.Bishanpur</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Bishnupur</strong> (Bengali: বিষ্ণুপুর) is a town and a municipality in Bankura District in the state of West Bengal, India. It is famous for its terracotta temples and the balucheri sarees.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
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</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">3. Dholavira</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Jump to: navigation, search</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Dholavira</strong> is an archaeological site in Bhachau Taluka of Kachchh district of Gujarat state in western India, which has taken its name from a modern village 1 km south of it. The site of Dholavira, locally known as <em style="line-height: 16px;">Kotada timba</em> contains ruins of an ancient Harappan city. It is one of the largest and most prominent archaeological sites in India belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. It is located on the<em style="line-height: 16px;">Khadir bet</em> island in the Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary in Great Rann of Kutch. The site is surrounded by water in the monsoon season.[1] The site was occupied from c.2650 BCE, declining slowly after about 2100 BCE. It was briefly abandoned and reoccupied until c.1450 BCE.[2]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The site was discovered in 1967-8 by J. P. Joshi and is the fifth largest Harappan site in the Indian subcontinent, and has been under excavation almost continuously since 1990 by the Archaeological Survey of India. Eight large urban centers have been discovered: Harappa, Mohenjo Daro, Ganeriwala, Rakhigarhi, Kalibangan, Rupar, Dholavira, and Lothal.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">4.<strong style="line-height: 16px;"> Golkonda</strong>,</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> a ruined city of south-central India and capital of ancient Kingdom of Golkonda (c. 1364–1512), is situated 11 km west of Hyderabad.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The most important builder of Golkonda was a Kakatiya King. Ibrahim was following in the spirit of his ancestors, the Qutub Shahi kings, a great family of builders who had ruled the kingdom of Golkonda from 1512. Their first capital, the fortress citadel of Golkonda, was rebuilt for defense from invading Mughals from the north</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">They ruled over the Telangana region and some parts of present day Karnataka and Maharashtra.[1]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The golconda fort use to have a Vault chamber where once the famous Kohinoor and Hope diamonds were stored alsong with other diamonds.[5]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Golkonda was once renowned for the diamonds found on the south-east at Kollur Mine near Kollur (modern day Guntur district), Paritala (modern day Krishna district) and cut in the city during the Kakatiya reign. India Diamond#History, at that time, had the only known diamond mines in the world.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">\diomonds</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The Mines of Golkonda themselves yielded diamonds of trifling quantity. Europeans knew that diamonds were found only in these fabled mines. Golkonda was, in fact, the market city of the diamond trade, and gems sold there came from a number of mines. The fortress city within the walls was famous for diamond trade.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Magnificent diamonds were taken from the mines in the region surrounding Golkonda, including Darya-e Nur, meaning <em style="line-height: 16px;">sea of light</em>, at 185 carats (37 g), the largest and finest diamond of the crown jewels of Iran.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Its name has taken a generic meaning and has come to be associated with great wealth. Gemologists use this classification to denote a diamond with a complete (or almost-complete) lack of nitrogen; "Golkonda" material is also referred to as "2A".</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">5. Rani ki vav</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Rani ki vav</strong> is a famous stepwell situated in Patan town in Gujarat in India.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Patan was called as Anhilpur Patan when King Siddharja Jaysingh was ruling & it was the capital of Gujarat. Mr. Vanraja Chavda has founded Patan. During the period of the Solanki or Chalukya, the stepwell called the <em style="line-height: 16px;">Rani ki vav</em>, or <em style="line-height: 16px;">Ran-ki vav</em> (Queen’s step well) was constructed. It is a richly sculptured monument.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It is generally assumed that it was built in the memory of Bhimdev I (AD 1022 to 1063) son of Mularaja, the founder of the Solanki dynasty of <em style="line-height: 16px;">Anahilwada Pattan</em> in about 1050 AD by his widowed queen Udayamati.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It was probably completed by Udayamati and Karandev I after his death. A reference to Udayamati building the monument is in the 'Prabandha Chintamani' composed by Merunga Suri in 1304 AD.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">6. Raniji ki Baori ( extra)</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Raniji ki Baori</strong> is a noted stepwell situated in Bundi town in Rajasthan state in India. It was built in 1699 by queen Nthavati Ji.It is a 46 m deep stepped well with some superb carvings on its pillars and a high arched gate.It is a multistoreyed structure with places of worship on each floor.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">7. Mattancherry Palace</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Mattancherry Palace</strong>, also known as the <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Dutch Palace</strong>, in Mattancherry, Kochi, in the Indian state of Kerala features Kerala murals depicting Hindu temple art, portraits and exhibits of the Rajas of Kochi.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
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</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">8. Sher Shah Suri Tomb</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Sher Shah Suri Tomb</strong> is a tomb in Sasaram town in Bihar state in India. It was built in memory of Emperor Sher Shah Suri who was a Pathan from Bihar. He ruled Northern India for five years, after defeating Humayun, the 2nd Mughal Emperor. Though he could rule for only five years, he died an accidental death due to a gunpowder explosion, in the fort of Kalinjar on 10th day of Rabi' al-awwal, A.H. 952 or 13 May 1545 AD [1]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">9. Mandu, Madhya Pradesh</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Mandavgad or Mandu is a ruined city in the Dhar district in the Malwa region of western Madhya Pradesh state, central India. The distance between Dhar & Mandu is about 35 km. In the 11th century, Mandu was the sub division of the Tarangagadh or Taranga kingdom . This fortress town on a rocky outcrop about 100 km (60 miles) from Indore is celebrated for its fine architecture.</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">10. Sarnath</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Sarnath</strong> (Hindi: सारनाथ) or <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Sārnātha</strong> (also <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Mrigadava</strong>, <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Migadāya</strong>, <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Rishipattana</strong>, <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Isipatana</strong>) is the deer park where Gautama Buddha first taught the Dharma, and where the Buddhist Sangha came into existence through the enlightenment of Kondanna. Sarnath is located 13 kilometres north-east of Varanasi, in Uttar Pradesh,</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Ashoka Pillar</strong> erected here, originally surmounted by the "Lion Capital of Asoka" (presently on display at the Sarnath Museum), was broken during Turk invasions but the base still stands at the original location.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">11, Hemis Monastery</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Hemis Monastery</strong> is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery (<em style="line-height: 16px;">gompa</em>) of the Drukpa Lineage, located in Hemis, Ladakh (within the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir). Situated 45 km from Leh, the monastery was re-established in 1672 by the Ladakhi king Sengge Namgyal. The annual Hemis festival honoring Padmasambhava is held here in early June.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">12. Harmandir Sahib</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Harmandir Sahib</strong>[1] (Punjabi: ਹਰਿਮੰਦਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ, IPA: [həɾməndəɾ sɑhɪb] or IPA: [həɾɪməndəɾ sɑhɪb]) also <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Darbar Sahib</strong>[3] (Punjabi: ਦਰਬਾਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ, IPA: [dəɾbɑɾ sɑhɪb]), also referred to as the<strong style="line-height: 16px;">Golden Temple</strong>,[1] is a prominent Sikh gurdwara located in the city of Amritsar, Punjab (India). Construction of the gurdwara was begun by Guru Ram Das, the fourth Sikh Guru, and completed by his successor, Guru Arjan Dev. In 1604, Guru Arjan Dev completed the Adi Granth, the holy scripture of Sikhism, and installed it in the Gurdwara. In 1634, Guru Hargobind left Amritsar for the Shivalik Hills and for the remainder of the seventeenth century the city and gurdwara was in the hands of forces hostile to the Sikh Gurus.[4] During the eighteenth century, the Harmandir Sahib was the site of frequent fighting between the Sikhs on one side and either Mughal or Afghan forces on the other side and the gurdwara occasionally suffered damage. In the early nineteenth century, Maharaja Ranjit Singh secured the Punjab region from outside attack and covered the upper floors of the gurdwara with gold, which gives it its distinctive appearance and English name of "Golden Temple".[5]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">13. Majuli</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Majuli</strong> or <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Majoli</strong> (Assamese: মাজুলী) is a large river island in the Brahmaputra river, in the Indian state of Assam. Majuli is the largest river island in the world. Majuli had a total area of 1,250 square kilometres (483 sq mi), but having lost significantly to erosion it has an area of only 421.65 square kilometres (163 sq mi) in 2001.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">14. Matheran Hill Railway</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Matheran Hill Railway</strong> is a heritage railway in Maharashtra, India. It was built between 1901 and 1907 by Abdul Hussein Adamjee Peerbhoy, financed by his father, Sir Adamjee Peerbhoy of the Adamjee Group at the cost of Rs.16,00,000.[1] Sir Adamjee Peerbhoy visited Matheran often and wanted to build a railway to make it easier to get there.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Neral, the starting point, is about midway between Mumbai and Pune. The railway covers a distance of 20 km (12.43 mi), over large swathes of forest territory connecting Neral to Matheran in the Western Ghats hills near Karjat and Mumbai.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">he railways comes under the administration of the Central Railways and is being promoted as a future World Heritage Site.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">15. Western Ghats</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Western Ghats</strong> or <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Western Ghauts</strong> (Marathi/Konkani: सह्याद्री, Kannada/Tulu: ಸಹ್ಯಾದ್ರಿ, Malayalam: സഹ്യാദ്രി / സഹ്യപര്വതം, Tamil: மேற்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலைகள்) also known as the <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Sahyadri Mountains</strong>, is a mountain range along the western side of India. It runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau, and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea. The Western Ghats block rainfall to the Deccan Plateau. The range starts near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra, south of the River Tapti, and runs approximately 1600 km through the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala ending at Kanyakumari, at the southern tip of India</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">16. Namdapha National Park</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Namdapha National Park</strong> is the largest protected area in the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot and is located in Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast India. It is also the largest national park in India in terms of area. It is located in the Eastern Himalayan sub-region and is recognized as one of the richest areas in biodiversity in India[1]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">17. Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary</strong> also known as the <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Wild Ass Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> is located in the Little Rann of Kutch in the Gujarat state of India. Spread over 4954 km², it is the largest wildlife sanctuary in India.[1]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The wildlife sanctuary was established in 1972 and came under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1973. The sanctuary is one of the last places on earth where the endangered wild ass sub-species Indian Wild Ass (Khur) (<em style="line-height: 16px;">Equus hemionus khur</em>) belonging to Asiatic Wild Ass species Onager (<em style="line-height: 16px;">Equus hemionus</em>) can be spotted.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">18. Khangchendzonga National Park</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Khangchendzonga National Park</strong> (previously named <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Kanchenjunga National Park</strong>) is a National Park and a Biosphere reserve located in North Sikkim district in the Indian state of Sikkim. The park gets its name from the mountain Kanchenjunga (alternative spelling <em style="line-height: 16px;">Khangchendzonga</em>) which is 8,586 metres (28,169 ft) tall, the third-highest peak in the world. The total area of this park is 849.5 km2 (328.0 sq mi). There are many glaciers in the park including the Zemu glacier. Animals like musk deer, snow leopard and Himalayan Tahr all make their home in this park.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">19.chandigrah</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">20. Kangra Valley Railway</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Kangra Valley Railway</strong> lies in the sub-Himalayan region and covers a distance of 164 km (101.9 mi). from Pathankot to Jogindernagar. The Kangra valley railway comes under the Firozpur division of Northern Railway. It is one of two mountain railways that run in Himachal Pradesh, the other being Kalka-Shimla Railway, which is also a world heritage site.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Kangra, Himachal Pradesh is a hilly region which has an average elevation of 733 m (2,405 ft).</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">21. Churchgate</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">22. Oak Grove School (Jharipani, Mussoorie, India)</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Oak Grove School</strong> is a residential public school, owned and run by the Northern Railway. It is situated on hill tops covering 256 acres (1.04 km2) in Jharipani, Mussoorie, India. Jharipani means drizzle and the onslaught of monsoons.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The school was started by the British Raj on June 1, 1888. The students predominantly consist of the children of Indian Railways employees; 25% of seats are reserved for outsiders. At present there are 560 students. The school consists of three semi-independent parts — Oak Grove Boys' School (commenced 1888), Oak Grove Girls' School (1890s) and Oak Grove Junior School (1912). The buildings were designed by the chief engineer of EIR. The School has been nominated for World Heritage Status by the Government of India.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">23. Nalanda</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Nālandā</strong> (Hindi/Sanskrit/Pali: नालंदा) is the name of an ancient center of higher learning in Bihar, India. The site of Nalanda is located in the Indian state of Bihar, about 55 miles south east of Patna, and was a Buddhist center of learning from the fifth or sixth century CE to 1197 CE. [1][2] It has been called "one of the first great universities in recorded history".[2] The Gupta Empire also patronized some monasteries. According to historians, Nalanda flourished between the reign of the Śakrāditya (whose identity is uncertain and who might have been either Kumara Gupta I or Kumara Gupta II) and 1197 CE, supported by patronage from Buddhist emperors like Harsha as well as later emperors from the Pala Empire.[3]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The complex was built with red bricks and its ruins occupy an area of 14 hectares. At its peak, the university attracted scholars and students from as far away as China, Greece, and Persia.[4] Nalanda was sacked by Turkic Muslim invaders under Bakhtiyar Khalji in 1193, a milestone in the decline of Buddhism in India. The great library of Nalanda University was so vast that it is reported to have burned for three months after the invaders set fire to it, sacked and destroyed the monasteries, and drove the monks from the site. In 2006, Singapore, China, India, Japan, and other nations, announced a proposed plan to restore and revive the ancient site as Nalanda International University.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">24. Great Himalayan National Park</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Great Himalayan National Park</strong> (GHNP) is the newest addition to India's national parks, located in Kullu region in the state of Himachal Pradesh. The park was built in the year 1984. The park is spread over an area of 1,171 km2 that lies between an altitude of 1500 to 6000m.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">25. Bhitarkanika Mangroves</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Bhitarkanika Mangroves</strong> are a mangrove wetland in India's Orissa state. The Bhitarkanika Mangroves cover an area of 650 km² in the river delta of the Brahmani and Baitarani rivers.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">26. Neora Valley National Park</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Neora Valley National Park</strong> (Bengali: নেওরা ভ্যালি জাতীয় উদ্যান <em style="line-height: 16px;">Neora Bhêli Jatio Uddan</em>) (Nepali: नेउरा भेल्ली राष्ट्रीय उद्यान <em style="line-height: 16px;">Neurā Bhelli Rās</em><em style="line-height: 16px;">ṭ</em><em style="line-height: 16px;">riya Udyān</em>) is situated in the Kalimpong subdivision under Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India and was established in 1986. It spreads over an area of 88 km² and is one of the richest biological zones in the entire Northeast. It is the land of the elegant Red Panda in the pristine undisturbed natural habitat with rugged inaccessible hilly terrain and rich diverse flora and fauna making this park an important wilderness zone</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">27. Desert National Park</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Desert National Park</strong>, Rajasthan, India, is situated in the west Indian state of Rajasthan near the town of Jaisalmer. This is one of the largest national parks, covering an area of 3162 km². The Desert National Park is an excellent example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert. Sand dunes form around 20% of the Park. The major landform consists of craggy rocks and compact salt lake bottoms, intermedial areas and fixed dunes.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Some fossils of Dinosaurs of 6 million years old have been found in the area.[1]28.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">28. Santiniketan</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Santiniketan</strong> (Bangla: শান্তিনিকেতন <em style="line-height: 16px;">Shantiniketôn</em>) is a small town near Bolpur in the Birbhum district of West Bengal, India, approximately 180 kilometres north of Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). It was made famous by Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore, whose vision became what is now a university town (Visva-Bharati University) that attracts thousands of visitors each year.[1] Santiniketan is also a tourist attraction because Rabindranath wrote many of his literary classics here, and his house is a place of historical importance.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">29.silk route of india</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">30.the maharaja railways...</strong></div></span></div>Durga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-20484839423084009382011-08-14T22:50:00.001-07:002011-08-14T22:50:24.679-07:00J&k---Brief<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">According to the most popular legend that is also recorded in <em style="line-height: 16px;">Rajtarangani</em> and <em style="line-height: 16px;">Nilmat Purana,</em> two most authoritative books, Kashmir was once a large lake and it was Kashyap Rishi who drained off the water, making it a beautiful abode.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">But geologists have their own theory, which says that geographical changes made way for the outflow of water by sub<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;">sidence of the mountain at Khadianayar, introduced Buddhism to Kashmir in the 3rd century BC. which was later strengthened by Kanishka.</span></div><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;"><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Huns got the control of the valley in the early 6th century. The valley regained freedom in 530 AD but soon came under the rule of the Ujjain empire.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">After decline of the Vikramaditya dynasty, the valley had its own rulers. There was a synthesis of Hindu and Buddhist cultures. Lalitaditya (697-738 AD) extended his rule up to Bengal in the east, Konkan in the south, Turkistan in the northwest and Tibet in the northeast. Considered as the most famous Hindu ruler, he was known for constructing beautiful buildings. Islam came to Kashmir during 13th and 14th century AD. Zain-ul-Abedin (1420-70) was the famous Muslim ruler, who came to Kashmir when the Hindu King Sinha Dev fled before the Tatar invasion. Later Chaks overran Haider Shah son of Zain-ul-Abedin. They continued to rule till 1586 when Akbar conquered Kashmir. In 1752, Kashmir passed on from the feeble control of the Mughal emperor of the time, to Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan. The valley was ruled by the Pathans for 67 years.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Name of Jammu figures in the Mahabharata. Recent finds of Harappan remains and arteacts of Mauryan, Kushan and Gupta periods at Akhnoor have added new dimensions to its ancient character. The land of Jammu was divided into 22 principalities. Raja Maldev, one of the Dogra rulers, conquered many territories to consolidate his kingdom. Raja Ranjit Dev ruled over Jammu from 1733 to 1782. His successors were weak and thus Maharaja Ranjit Singh annexed the territory to Punjab. He later handed over Jammu to Raja Gulab Singh, a scion of the old Dogra ruling family, who had grown powerful among Ranjit Singh's governors and had annexed almost the whole Jammu region. The state was governed by Dogra rulers till 1947 when Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession in favour of the Indian Union on 26 October 1947.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Jammu and Kashmir State is situated between 32015' and 37005' north latitude and 72035' and 83020' longitude East. Geographically, the State can be divided into four zones. First, the mountainous and semi mountainous plains commonly known as Kandi belt, the second, hills including Shivalik ranges, the third mountains of Kashmir Valley and Pir Panchal range and the fourth is Tibetan tract of Ladakh and Kargil. Geographically and culturally the state has three distinct regions -- Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh.</div></span></div>Durga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-91996596072131577382011-08-14T22:49:00.001-07:002011-08-14T22:49:40.193-07:00Indian water projects<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Indian water projects </strong><strong style="line-height: 16px;"></strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Linking of rivers (BBC report)</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">India's ruling party has launched a campaign to gather public support for one of India's most ambitious projects - the linking of rivers across the country.</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The project aims to connect nearly 30 rivers in the country and is estimated to cost over $100bn.</div><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;"><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It envisages diverting water from surplus river basins to water deficient areas.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Floods and drought have become a recurring problem in India and the project is aimed at improving the situation.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Last year a severe drought hit several Indian states, while floods destroyed people's harvests in many other areas.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The sharing of river waters has also led to tensions among some states, the most outstanding example being Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">These two southern states have been fighting for over a century over the Cauvery river.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Economic benefits</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">India's Bharatiya Janata Party-led government sees the inter-linking of rivers as a long-term solution to many of these problems.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Water for laundering clothes is a perennial problem</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The party now plans to involve its grass-roots activists in the project.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"We plan to disseminate the idea and educate the masses through our party workers," the president of the BJP's youth wing, G Kishan Reddy, told the BBC.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Mr Reddy, who is heading the awareness drive, said workers of the youth wing would take the concept to state capitals from where they would spread into the districts and villages.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The BJP says the river-linking project would boost the annual average income of farmers from the present $40 per acre of land to over $500.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It says once the rivers are linked, India's food production will increase from about 200m tonnes a year to 500m.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">River treaties</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">But neither the party nor the government led by it offers a specific answer to concerns raised by several environmental bodies.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">They argue that the project would alter the basic character of many rivers and leave several hundred thousand people displaced.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">They are also silent about how India would gather the resources to convert the grand idea into a reality.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The BJP and its leaders in the government have also ignored, for the time being, the international implications of the project.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">India has river treaties with several neighbouring countries which prohibit Delhi from unilaterally altering river courses.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">For the moment the party is backing the prime minister - who is keen on the project - in the hope that even if water does not reach dry areas, the project would win it votes in key elections this year.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">National Waterway 1 (India)</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The <strong style="line-height: 16px;">National Waterway 1</strong> is located in India and runs from Haldia (Sagar) to Allahabad . It was declared as a waterway during October 1986.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">National Waterway 2</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">The river Brahmaputra having a length of 891 Km between Bangladesh Border to Sadiya was declared as National Waterway No. 2 (NW-2) on 1st September, 1988.</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">National Waterway 3</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The <strong style="line-height: 16px;">West Coast Canal</strong> or <strong style="line-height: 16px;">National Waterway No 3</strong> is located in Kerala, India and runs from Kollam to Kottapuram and was declared a National Waterway in 1993.The dredging of this canal has been finished. The National waterway 3 is one of the most navigable and tourism potential area in India and has much to offer to the potential tourist. This is the first National Waterway in the country having 24 hours navigation facilities in the entire stretch.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Totallengh is 205 km.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">National Waterway 4</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Kakinada - Puducherry stretch of Canals and the Kaluvelly Tank, Bhadrachalam – Rajahmundry stretch of River Godavari and Wazirabad – Vijayawada stretch of River Krishna.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Estd</strong> = November 2008</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Length</strong> = 1095 km</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">National Waterway 6 (India)</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">National Waterways 6 is a proposed waterway between Lakhipur and Bhanga of river Barak. <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Length</strong> = 121 km</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">National Waterway 5 (India)</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">National Waterway 5</strong> (NW-5) consists of the Talcher - Dhamra stretch of the Brahmani River, the Geonkhali - Charbatia stretch of the East Coast Canal, the Charbatia - Dhamra stretch of Matai river and the Mangalgadi - Paradip stretch of the Mahanadi River Delta. It was declared a National Waterway in November 2008.</div><ul style="line-height: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 35px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 16px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Established</strong> = November 2008</li>
<li style="line-height: 16px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Length</strong> = 623 km</li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Basavarajeshwari Camp</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Satyavathi Camp</strong> is a village in Sindanur Taluka, Karnataka, India. It is located beside a canal that provides water to three ponds. One stores drinking water for the villagers, and the other two provide water for lands for Paddy and Wheat Cultivation.The two ponds belongs to MullapudiKumarRaju.He is very found of his village Satyavathicamp.Satyavathi is the name of his grandmother.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Canoly Canal</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Canoly canal</strong> is the part of the West coast canal network of Kerala and runs through the Kozhikode city. It was constructed in the year 1848 under the orders of then collector of Malabar, R. Canolly.[1] The Canoli Canal is 11.4 km (7 mi) long and connects the Korapuzha river in the north and the Kallai River in the south. The width of the canal varies between 6 to 20 metres (20 to 65 ft), and the water depth during the monsoon ranges between 0.5 and 2 metres (1.5 to 6 ft). The sides of most of the canal are lined with dimension stone, but at some locations the lining has collapsed. In a number of places along the canal, trees and bushes and water plants have grown, causing the water flow in the middle stretch of the canal to become weaker.[2]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The <em style="line-height: 16px;">Canoly Canal Development Samithi</em> in Calicut has recently decided to start speedboat service on the canal from Karaparamba to the Sarovaram park site in September 2009.[3]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Buckingham Canal</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Buckingham Canal</strong> is a 420 kilometres (261.0 mi) long fresh water navigation canal, running parallel to the Coromandel Coast of South India from Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh to Villupuram District in Tamil Nadu. The canal connects most of the natural backwaters along the coast to the port of Chennai (Madras). It was constructed by the British Rule, and was an important waterway during the late nineteenth and the twentieth century.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It was first known simply as the North River by the British and was believed to be partly responsible for reducing tsunami and cyclone damage to much of the Chennai-southern Andhra coastline</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Indira Gandhi Canal</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;"></strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Indira Gandhi Canal</strong> is one of the biggest canal projects in India.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It starts from the Harike Barrage at Sultanpur, a few kilometers below the confluence of the Sutlej and Beas rivers in Punjab state.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">a view of Rajasthan canal near Fakarsar village(Punjab)</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It runs south-southwest in Punjab and Haryana but mainly in Rajasthan for a total of 650 kilometers and ends near at Ramgarh, near Jaisalmer, in Rajasthan. Kanwar Sain the Chief engineer of Bikaner state was the first to come up the idea of the canal.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Its construction started on the 31st March,1958, inaugurated by then Home Minister Govind Ballabh Pant. It was built with the aim of converting part of the Thar desert from wasteland to agriculturally productive land. It was earlier known as the Rajasthan Canal. The name was changed on the 2nd Nov,1984.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It uses water released from the Pong dam and provides irrigation facilities to the north-western region of Rajasthan, a part of the Thar Desert. It consists of the Rajasthan feeder canal (with the first 167 km in Punjab and Haryana and the remaining 37 km in Rajasthan) and 445 km of the Rajasthan main canal which is entirely within Rajasthan. The IGNP traverses seven districts of Rajasthan: Barmer, Bikaner, Churu, Hanumangarh, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, and Sriganganagar</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Sethu Canal</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Sethu Canal</strong>, also known as the <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Sethu Samudram Ship Canal Project</strong>, was inaugurated on 2 July 2005, by Dr. Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India. This proposed navagational canal through a 19-mile (30 km) stretch of shallow sea in the Palk Strait would bypass passage around Sri Lanka. It would reduce the travel distance by some 470 nautical miles (870 km) and transit time by some 36 hours, but is beset by a number of financial and ecological questions.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The canal was first proposed in the late 19th century during the British Raj, and finally on 13 March 2003, the Central Government of India, headed by then Prime Minister Vajpayee, gave the go ahead</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Cost Benefit Analysis</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Assuming that international vessels would prefer to go through this canal as against the Colombo port route, an estimated 2,000 vessels or more may use the canal annually. In the 19th year, cumulative annual earnings from the project are expected to be over Rs 5,000 crore. The project is estimated to cost about Rs 2,000 crore and debt-equity ratio is estimated to be 7:5. The Central Government is planning to go in for a mix of equity and debt for the project and for the first time. These estimates must receive public scrutiny.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">[edit] Recent controversy</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Recently the canal has marred by controversy. NASA released satellite image showing possible man made under sea bridge in the Gulf of Mannar. Hindus in India have regarded this bridge as the remains of the bridge built by Vanar Sena to cross Sri Lanka, as mentioned in Ramayana. Against a PIL submitted in supreme court in India, the India government filed an affidavat claiming that the undersea bridge is a natural formation. The government had to withdraw the affidavat due to increased pressure from the Indian public.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">NASA official Mark Hess had then stated: “Remote sensing images or photographs from orbit cannot provide direct information about the origin or age of a chain of islands, and certainly cannot determine whether humans were involved in producing any of the patterns seen.” Hess further stated that NASA had been taking pictures of these sandbars for years. Its images had never resulted in any scientific discovery in that area. “The images reproduced on websites may well be ours but their interpretation is certainly not ours.”</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Sutlej Yamuna link canal</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Sutlej Yamuna link Canal</strong> or <strong style="line-height: 16px;">SYL</strong> as it is popularly known, is a 214-kilometre (133 mi) long heavy freight canal in India to connect the Sutlej and Yamuna rivers.[1] However, the proposal met obstacles [2] and was referred to the Supreme Court.[1]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">SYL is being built westwards from near its headwaters through the Punjab region near an ancient caravan route and highlands pass to the navigable parts of the Sutlej-Indus watershed. This will connect the entire Ganges, which flows to the east coast of the subcontinent, with points west (via Pakistan). When completed, the SYL will allow shipping from India's east coast to the west coast and the Arabian sea, drastically shortening shipping distances and creating important commercial links for north-central India's large population. The canal starts near Palla village near Delhi, and was to transfer Haryana's share of 3.5 million acre-feet from Indus Basin, though state of Haryana has completed its portion, Punjab is against its construction, and the state legislature passed the "Punjab Termination of Agreement Act 2004", which declared earlier agreements null and void.[3] A public interest litigation (PIL) challenging the Punjab Termination of Agreements Bill 2004 has been filed in the Punjab and Haryana High Court. The Act annuls the 1981 Indira Gandhi award and subsequent agreements relating to the distribution of Ravi- Beas waters among Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In his petition C.W.P No. 11091 of 2004, Mr Naresh Kumar Kadyan of Rohtak in Haryana has questioned the validity of Act, passed recently by the Punjab Assembly. He has sought quashing of the Act.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">He has also prayed that the recent judgement of the Supreme Court regarding the completion of the Sutlej-Yamuna Link (SYL) canal be immediately ordered to be complied with.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Today, the case could not be taken up and will be listed for tomorrow before the Division Bench of Chief Justice Mr Justice B.K. Roy and Mr Justice Surya Kant.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Tajewala</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
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</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Tajewala Barrage</strong> is a barrage across the Yamuna River, located in Yamuna Nagar District, in the state of Haryana, India. Completed in 1873, it regulates the flow of the Yamuna for irrigation in Uttar Pradesh and Haryana through two canals originating at this place namely Western Yamuna Canal and Eastern Yamuna Canal,[1] as well as the municipal water supply to Delhi. In 2000, it was augmented with Hathni Kund barrage for manipulating the flow of river waters.<strong style="line-height: 16px;"> </strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Trivandrum–Shoranur canal</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Trivandrum - Shoranur canal popularly known as T S canal was commissioned in stages under the three erstwhile states of Madras, Cochin and Travancore between 18th and 19th century. the portion between Channankara and Trivandrum was first done to effect through-traffic from Varkala to Trivandrum. Then, Paravoor canal was constructed to link backwaters of Paravur Kayal and Edava Kayal. Quilon canal came next connecting Paravur and Ashtamudi Kayal. Thus, the waterway route in this region was completed by 1880 to have through movement of goods and passenger-traffic between southern parts of Travancore parts of the state.</div></span></div>Durga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-75989663136830603632011-08-14T22:48:00.001-07:002011-08-14T22:48:44.912-07:00Library in India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">INFLIBNET</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET)</strong> [2] Centre is an autonomous Inter-University Centre of the University Grants Commission (UGC) of India. It is a major National Programme initiated by the UGC in 1991 with its Head Quarters at Gujarat University Campus, Ahmedabad. Initially started as a project under the IUCAA,<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;"> it became an independent Inter-University Centre in 1996.</span></div><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;"><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">INFLIBNET is involved in modernizing university libraries in India and connecting them as well as information centres in the country through a nation-wide high speed data network using the state-of-art technologies for the optimum utilisation of information. INFLIBNET is set out to be a major player in promoting scholarly communication among academicians and researchers in India</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">National Library of India</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The <strong style="line-height: 16px;">National Library of India</strong> (Bengali: ভারতের জাতীয় গ্রন্থাগার) at Belvedere, Calcutta is the largest library in India and India's library of public record.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">It is under the Department of Culture, Ministry of Tourism & Culture, Government of India.</strong>The library is designated to collect, disseminate and preserve the printed material produced in India. The library is situated on the scenic 30 acre (120,000 m²) Belvedere Estate, in Kolkata, formerly Calcutta City. The Library is the largest in India, with a collection in excess of 2.2 million books. Before independence, it was the official residence of Lt. Governor of Bengal.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In 1903, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, the Governor General of India, conceived the idea of opening a library for the use of the public.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Metcalfe Hall ( not library, extra)</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Metcalfe Hall is a heritage building situated in Kolkata, India, at the junction of Strand Road and Hare Street in the heart of the city's business district. The architectural piece is reflective of the British imperial architecture at the beginning of the nineteenth century. It was built between 1840-1844 according to the design prepared by the city magistrate, C.K. Robinson and named after Sir Charles T. Metcalfe, the Governor-General of India, in honour of his efforts towards a free press. The building faces the Hooghly river on the West</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
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</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Bharati Bhavan Library</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Bharati Bhavan Library a Hindi and Urdu public library in Allahabad, India. The library was established in 1889 by the joint efforts of Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya and Mr. Bal Krishna Bhatt of Chowk, Allahabad.</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;"></strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Digital Library of India</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Digital Library of India</strong>, part of the online services of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and partner in the Million Book Project, provides free access to many books in English and Indian languages. The scanning of Indian language books has created an opportunity for developing Indian language optical character recognition (OCR) software. The publications are mainly in PDF or QuickTime format.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Because of copyright laws, the texts are all out of copyright and therefore not sources for current information, but rather useful for history and background.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">As of November 10, 2006, DLI had scanned 84,895 titles.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Dr. Vijay Pal Memorial Library</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">The General Library was started in the year 1975, and readers of all age groups make use of this library. The general library is situated on the first floor of the Community Hall in Block C-7, Keshav Puram, Delhi. This library comprises of a reading room and a library.</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">The readers are mostly the students appearing for competitive and professional examinations like IAS, IPC, Chartered Accountants, Engineering, Company Secretaryship, Cost Accountancy, Medical, Banking, etc., and also college students.</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">MCIT Library Consortium</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In India, a number of Library Consortium operates to share e-Resources among the libraries to serve their library users. The important Consortiums that are being operational are INDEST-AICTE Consortium, UGC Infonet, CSIR Consortium, FORSA etc. '<em style="line-height: 16px;">MCIT Library Consortium'</em> (Ministry of Communications and Information Technology) Library Consortium is one of members. This is an intra-ministrial initiative to subscribe and share the e-Resources at highly discounted rates and extend to its services to various organisations and institutions under its umbrella. It is an association of three Departments under MCIT, namely Department of Information Technology (DIT), Department of Telecommunication (DOT) and Department of Postal Services (DOP).</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The beneficiaries of the Consortium are NIC, DIT, CDAC, DOEACC, SAMEER, STQC, STPI, ERNET INDIA, CDOT, and others. The e-Resources currently subscribed at Consortium Platform are IEEE/IEE Electronic Library, ACM Digital Library, and ISO/IEC Standards.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The Consortium had been continuoutsly operational since 2005.The headqurter of the Consortium is at Department of Information Technology, 6, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Hazrat Pir Mohammad Shah Library</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">The Hazrat Pir Mohammed Shah Library is located in Ahmedabad, in the state of Gujarat, India. One of the oldest libraries in India, it has a collection of rare original manuscripts in Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Turkish languages.</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;"></strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Documentation Research and Training Centre</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC)</strong> is a research centre (and a department) for library and information science and allied disciplines at the Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore. The Centre was established in April 1962, under the auspices of Prof. S. R. Ranganathan (considered to be the father of modern library and information science in India) with the encouragement of Prof. P. C. Mahalanobis at the Indian Statistical Institute.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">DRTC runs a graduate program leading to the award of a 'Master of Science in Library and Information Science' (MS-LIS) from the Indian Statistical Institute as well as serving as an academic and research center for Research Fellows registered for a PhD in Information Science. DRTC is perhaps, India's only "proper" ischool with a very strong research program. Research at DRTC generally focuses on the application of information technology to library and information science.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">DRTC is widely considered to be the best research centre in India in the fields of library science and information science. It also has a very strong research program and a PhD collaboration with the University of Trento, Italy.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Maulana Azad Library</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">The Maulana Azad Library (Hindi: मौलाना आज़ाद किताब ख़ाना, Urdu: مولانا آزاد کِتاب خانہ <em style="line-height: 16px;">Maulānā Azād Kitāb Khāna</em>) is the library of Aligarh Muslim University in Aligarh, India. It consists of a central library and over 80 college and departmental libraries. These libraries cater to the needs of postgraduates and students of professional courses. It is also the largest library in India and second largest in Asia and contains collections of great historical importance.</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;"></strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">National Depository Centre</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">A <strong style="line-height: 16px;">National Depository Centre</strong> is a public library in India which receives a copy of all books, newspapers and periodicals published in the country [1]. There are four centres:</div><ul style="line-height: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 35px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 16px;">Connemara Public Library in Chennai</li>
<li style="line-height: 16px;">Asiatic Society of Bombay in Mumbai</li>
<li style="line-height: 16px;">National Library, Calcutta</li>
<li style="line-height: 16px;">Delhi Public Library, Delhi</li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">National Medical Library</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">National Medical Library</strong> is a medical library established on April 1, 1966 by the Government of India. It is located in Ansari Nagar, New Delhi.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It aims to provide library and information services to the health science professionals in India. It functions under the administrative control of the Directorate General of Health Services.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It has 3.6 lakh volumes of books, reports, bound volume of journals and other literature. It subscribes around 2000 periodicals annually. The library has good collection of 19th century literature. Books are classified according to the Dewey Decimal Classification. It became the Indian focal point of HELLIS Network under World Health Organization in 1982.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Dewey Decimal Classification ( extra)</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">For the similar-sounding base-12 numeral system, see Duodecimal.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Dewey Decimal Classification</strong> (<strong style="line-height: 16px;">DDC</strong>, also called the <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Dewey Decimal System</strong>) is a proprietary system of library classification developed by Melvil Dewey in 1876.[1]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It has been greatly modified and expanded through 22 major revisions, the most recent in 2003.[2] This system organizes books on library shelves in a specific and repeatable order that makes it easy to find any book and return it to its proper place. The system is used in 200,000 libraries in at least 135 countries.[3][4]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">A designation such as <em style="line-height: 16px;">Dewey 16</em> refers to the 16th edition of the DDC.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div></span></div>Durga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-41845608847823976612011-08-14T22:47:00.001-07:002011-08-14T22:47:51.541-07:00National Advisory Council<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Prof. M.S. Swaminathan - Agricultural scientist and MP</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Dr. Ram Dayal Munda - MP</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Aruna Roy - Retired bureaucrat</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Jean Dreze - Development economist</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Narendra Jadhav - former bureaucrat & Member, Planning Commission</div><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;"><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Harsh Mander - Retired Bureaucrat</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Prof. Pramod Tandon - Vice Chancellor, North Eastern Hill University</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Deep Joshi - Social activist</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Madhav Gadgil - Social activist</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Farah Naqvi - Social activist</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Dr. N. C. Saxena - former bureaucrat</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Anu Aga - Businesswoman</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> A. K. Shiva Kumar - Economist[2]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Mirai Chatterjee - Coordinator, SEWA, Ahmedabad</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Focus areas</strong></div><ul style="line-height: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 35px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 16px;">Natural resource management, - including revitalisation of agriculture,</li>
<li style="line-height: 16px;">Development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes</li>
<li style="line-height: 16px;">Welfare of minorities</li>
<li style="line-height: 16px;">Poverty elimination and employment generation</li>
<li style="line-height: 16px;">Land rights and land reforms</li>
<li style="line-height: 16px;">Right to education, disadvantaged children</li>
</ul><ul style="line-height: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 35px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 16px;">Social security and safety net for the disadvantaged groups</li>
<li style="line-height: 16px;">Urban poverty</li>
<li style="line-height: 16px;">Development of the northeast</li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> -Special Component plan for Scheduled Castes and the tribal sub-plan for Scheduled Tribes.</div><ul style="line-height: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 35px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 16px;">Health security and medical insurance</li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">M. S. Swaminathan</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan</strong> (Tamil: மான்கொம்பு சாம்பசிவன் சுவாமிநாதன்; Hindi: एम्. एस. स्वामीनाथन ) is an Indian agriculture scientist, born August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu. He was the second of four sons of a doctor. He is known as the <strong style="line-height: 16px;">"Father of the Green Revolution in India</strong>" , for his leadership and success in introducing and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat in India. He is the founder and Chairman of the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation.[1] His stated vision is to rid the world of hunger and poverty.[2] Dr. Swaminathan is an advocate of moving India to sustainable development, especially using environmentally sustainable agriculture, <strong style="line-height: 16px;">sustainable food security and the preservation of biodiversity, which he calls an "evergreen revolution" [3] In 1999, <em style="line-height: 16px;">Time</em> magazine placed him in the <em style="line-height: 16px;">Time 20</em> list of most influential Asian people of the 20th century.[4</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">M. S. Swaminathan was born on August 7, 1925. His father died when Swaminathan was 11. His early schooling was at the Native High School and later at the Little Flower Catholic High School in Kumbakonam. He went to college at Maharajas College in Ernakulam and earned a Bachelor of Science degree (B.Sc.) in zoology<strong style="line-height: 16px;">. Swaminathan was strongly influenced by Mahatma Gandhi’s belief in ahimsa or non-violence to achieve Purna swaraj (total freedom) and swadeshi, (self-reliance) on both a personal and national level</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Over 68 students have done their Ph.D thesis work under his guidance:</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">On the occasion of Dr. Norman Borlaug's receipt of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970, he said of Dr. Swaminathan: "<em style="line-height: 16px;">The green revolution has been a team effort and much of the credit for its spectacular development must go to Indian officials, Organizations, Scientists and farmers. However, to you, Dr. Swaminathan, a great deal of the credit must go for first recognizing the potential value of the Mexican dwarfs. Had this not occurred, it is quite possible that there would not have been a green revolution in Asia</em>".[26]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">On the occasion of the presentation of the First World Food Prize[24] to Dr. Swaminathan in October 1987, Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar - Secretary General of the United Nations, wrote: "<em style="line-height: 16px;">Dr. Swaminathan is a living legend. His contributions to Agricultural Science have made an indelible mark on food production in India and elsewhere in the developing world. By any standards, he will go into the annals of history as a world scientist of rare distinction</em>".</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Swaminathan has been described by the United Nations Environment Programme as "<em style="line-height: 16px;">the Father of Economic Ecology</em>".</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">He was one of three from India included in TIME Magazine's 1999 list of the "<em style="line-height: 16px;">20 most influential Asian people of the 20th century</em>", the other two being Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore.[25]</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, he advised India to plant new mangrove groves along the shoreline to minimize damage from future tsunamis.[<em style="line-height: 16px;">citatio</em></strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">He hot all three PDAMA awards.</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">He holds more than 50 honorary Doctorate degrees from universities around the world.</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Ram Dayal Munda</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Ram Dayal Munda</strong> an Indian scholar and regional music exponent is awarded the Padma Shri of the year 2010 for his contribution to the field of art. Munda is a former vice-chancellor of Ranchi University. In 2007, he received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">President of India Pratibha Patil has nominated five prominent citizens to the Rajya Sabha, based on recommendations made by the Union cabinet and tribal welfare activist, among them Ram Dayal Munda. [1]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Aruna Roy</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Aruna Roy</strong> (born 26 June 1946) is an Indian political and social activist who founded and heads the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathana ("Workers and Peasants Strength Union"). She is best known as a prominent leader of the Right to Information movement, which led to the enactment of the Right to Information Act in 2005.[1] She has also remained a member of the National Advisory Council.[2]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In 2000, she received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership.[3] In 2010 she received the prestigious Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award for Excellence in Public Administration, Academia and Management.[4]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Aruna served as a civil servant in the Indian Administrative Service between 1968 and 1974. She then resigned to devote her time to social and political campaigns. She joined the Social Work and Research Center (SWRC) in Tilonia, Rajasthan, founded by her husband, Sanjit Roy.[5][6][7] In 1983 Aruna dissociated herself from the SWRC.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In 2005, various women's organizations launched a campaign aimed at ensuring that a woman received the Nobel prize for peace. They drew up a list of 1000 women from 150 countries who they claimed were worthy of being considered for the honour. Aruna was one among these 1000 women.[10][11]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Jean Drèze</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Jean Drèze</strong> (born 1959) is a development economist who has been influential in Indian economic policymaking.[1] He is a naturalized Indian[2] of <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Belgian origin.</strong> <strong style="line-height: 16px;">His work in India include issues like hunger, famine, gender inequality, child health and education, and the NREGA. He had conceptualised and drafted the first version of the NREGA.</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">His co-authors include Nobel laureate in economics Amartya Sen, with whom he has written on famine, and Nicholas Stern, with whom he has written on policy reform when market prices are distorted. <strong style="line-height: 16px;">He is currently an honorary Professor at the Delhi School of Economics,</strong> and Senior Professor at the G. B. Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad. He is a member of the National Advisory Council of India in both first and second term.[3]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Narendra Jadhav</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Dr. Narendra Jadhav, an Indian national (born in 1953) is a leading educationist[<em style="line-height: 16px;">citation needed</em>], eminent economist[<em style="line-height: 16px;">citation needed</em>] & policy maker, well-known social scientist[<em style="line-height: 16px;">citation needed</em>] and best-selling author. Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh has called Dr. Jadhav, “a role-model for the disempowered millions in our country.”</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Dr. Narendra Jadhav is currently serving as a Member, Planning Commission (in the rank and status of Union Minister of State). He took over this responsibility on June 16, 2009 and was sworn in by the Prime Minister on July 27, 2009.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">As Member, Planning Commission, Dr. Jadhav’s sectoral responsibilities include Education, Labour-Employment-Skill Development, Sports & Youth Affairs, and Social Justice and Empowerment. In addition, Dr. Jadhav looks after the States of Bihar, Tamil Nadu, and Goa, besides the Union Territories of Diu-Daman and Dadra-Nagar Haveli.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Dr. Narendra Jadhav has also been appointed as a Member, National Advisory Council (NAC), chaired by Smt. Sonia Gandhi, with effect from May 31, 2010.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Harsh Mander</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Harsh Mander</strong> (born 1956) is an Indian social activist and writer. He came into prominence after 2002 Gujarat riots and heads <strong style="line-height: 16px;">"Aman Biradari" which work for communal harmony</strong>. He became member of National Advisory Council of the UPA government in 2010 and special commissioner to the Supreme Court.[1][2] <strong style="line-height: 16px;">He has written a collection of essays titled <em style="line-height: 16px;">Unheard Voices: Stories of Forgotten Lives</em> published by the Penguin Books (2001) and <em style="line-height: 16px;">Fear and Forgiveness: The Aftermath of Massacre</em> (2009).[3]</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Harsh Mander has worked formerly in <strong style="line-height: 16px;">the Indian Administrative Service</strong> in the predominantly tribal states Madhya Pradesh and Chhatisgarh for almost two decades, mainly as the head of district governments of tribal districts. He is associated with social causes and movements, such for communal harmony, tribal, dalit, and disability rights, the right to information, custodial justice, homeless people and bonded labour. He writes and speaks regularly on issues of social justice.He is also a founding member of ANHAD (Act Now for Harmony and Democracy).[4]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">His books include ‘Unheard Voices: Stories of Forgotten Lives’ and ‘Fear and Forgiveness: The Aftermath of Massacre’ published by Penguin India. Other major books include ‘The Ripped Chest: Public Policy and Poor in India’. Mallika Sarabhai wrote the script of the play Unsuni based on Harsh Mander's book Unheard Voices. Arvind Gaur translated & direct it in Hindi and Mallika Sarabhai direct Unsuni for Darpana.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">He is at present convenor of Aman Biradari, a people’s campaign for secularism, peace and justice, working for Nyayagrah, for legal justice and reconciliation for the survivors of the Gujarat 2002 carnage, and <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Dil Se, for the rights of homeless children, youth and women</strong>. He is Special Commissioner appointed by the Supreme Court of India to advise it in the Right to Food case on hunger and state responsibility, Honorary Director of the Centre for Equity Studies (working on public policy for the poor), Visiting Professor at IIM, Ahmedabad on poverty and governance and writes a column for the Hindu.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">He was awarded the Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award for peace work, and the M.A. Thomas National Human Rights Award 2002.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Pramod Tandon</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Prof. Pramod Tandon</strong> (born 6 October 1950 is an Indian academic and the former vice-chancellor of<strong style="line-height: 16px;">North Eastern Hill University.[1]</strong> He is an eminent professor of botany. He received Padma Shri award in 2009 in the field of Science and Engineering. He has been nominated as member of the high-profile National Advisory Council (NAC) in June 2010.[2]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Deep Joshi</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Deep Joshi</strong> is an Indian social worker and NGO activist and the recipient of 2009 Magsaysay award.[1][2][3] He is recognized for his leadership in bringing professionalism to the NGO movement in India.[4][5] He co-founded a non-profit organisation, Professional Assistance for Development Action (PRADAN) of which he was the Executive Director till 2007. He was awarded the 2009 Magsaysay award for Community Leadership for his work for "development of rural communities".[4]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Deep Joshi was born in 1947 in village Puriyag, in a remote area of Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand in the Himalayas to Harikrishan Joshi, a farmer and was one of the seven children.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">He received his early education at the local primary school, and later he took his engineering degree from Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad and also holds a masters engineering degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and another on management from Sloan School, MIT.[3][6][7]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Returning to India, Deep Joshi worked with the Systems Research Institute, and as a program officer with Ford Foundation in India. In the coming decades he worked in the field of rural development and livelihood promotion. In 1983, also co-founded a non-profit organisation, <em style="line-height: 16px;">Professional Assistance for Development Action (PRADAN)</em>,[8] that recruits college graduates to do community work.,[9][10] which recruits university-educated youth from campuses across India and trains them for grassroots work. Pradan was jointly awarded NGO of the Year 2006 at the first ever India NGO Award event.[11] PRADAN is involved in building Self help groups, developing land and water resource, Natural Resource Management, forest based livlihood, horticulture & agriculture etc. Pradan formed its first SHG in Alwar, Rajasthan, in 1987.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">He also advises the Government of India on poverty alleviation strategies and also was a member of Working Group on <em style="line-height: 16px;">Rainfed Areas</em> for the Eleventh Five Year Planning Commission, Govt of India.[12]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In 2006, Deep received the <em style="line-height: 16px;">Harmony Silver Award</em> for his contributions to society.[13] Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation (RMAF) announced Deep among others as winner of 2009 Magsaysay awards.[2][4] And, on the eve of Republic Day (26 January 2010) he was honoured with prestigious Padma Shri award, by the Govt of India.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Madhav Gadgil</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">He was born in Maharashtra studied biology at University of Poona and University of Bombay before doing a Ph.D. thesis in the area of mathematical ecology at Harvard University. He has been an IBM Fellow of the Computing Centre, Research Fellow in Applied Mathematics and a Lecturer in Biology at Harvard University.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">From 1973 to 2004 he was on the faculty of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">He is a recipient of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award for Biological Sciences and the Vikram Sarabhai and Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar awards. Prof. Gadgil was awarded the prestigious Centennial Medal for the year 2002 from Harvard University, USA and <strong style="line-height: 16px;">the Volvo Environment Prize in 2003. He was conferred Padmashri and Padma Bhushan </strong>by the President of India and the Rajyotsava Award by the Government of Karnataka. Received the Firodia Award for excellence in science and technology in 2007.[1]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Farah Naqvi</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Farah Naqvi</strong> is an Indian writer, consultant and activist. She works on gender rights and minority rights from both a justice and development perspective. She is a member of the National Advisory Council.[1]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><em style="line-height: 16px;">Waves In The Hinterland: The Journey of A Newspaper</em> published by Zubaan 2009.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">N. C. Saxena</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Dr. N. C. Saxena</strong> is an Indian bureaucrat who served as a member of Planning Commission of India.[1]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Dr. N. C. Saxena is a former IAS officer. He is a member of the National Advisory Council.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">He headed a planning commission panel on rural poor and recommended rank-based system including automatic inclusion and exclusion of poor families.[2]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">On August 16, 2010, a committee headed by him warned that plans by Vedanta Resources to mine on Dongria Kondh land in eastern India threaten the survival of the tribe.[3] This led to the Indian government refusing clearance to the project.[4]</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Anu Aga</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Anu Aga</strong> (born 1942) is an Indian businesswoman and social worker, <strong style="line-height: 16px;">who led Thermax Ltd., the Rs 3246-crore energy and environment engineering majo</strong>r, as its chairperson 1996-2004.[1] She had figured among the eight richest Indian women, and in 2007 was part of 40 Richest Indians by net worth according to <em style="line-height: 16px;">Forbes</em> magazine.[2][3]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">After retiring from Thermax, she took to social work, and 2010 was awarded the Padma Shri (Social Work) by Govt. of India [4]</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">A. K. Shiva Kumar</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">A. K. Shiva Kumar</strong> is a development economist and professor. In addition to serving as an advisor to UNICEF - India, he is a member of India's National Advisory Council.[1] The council was set up in June 2004 to oversee the implementation of India’s National Common Minimum Programme.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">A. K. Shiva Kumar earned his postgraduate diploma in management from the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, and his M.A. in economics from Bangalore University. He also holds a master's degree in public administration and a Ph.D in political economy and government from Harvard University.[1</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Mirai Chatterjee</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Mirai Chatterjee</strong> is an Indian social worker and coordinator at SEWA, Ahmedabad. She was appointed a member of National Advisory Council in June, 2010.[1][2]</div></span></div>Durga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-70590625758470122292011-08-14T22:41:00.002-07:002011-08-14T22:41:46.468-07:00TIGER RESERVES IN INDIA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">LIST OF TIGER RESERVES WHERE TIGER CONSERVATION</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">FOUNDATION HAS BEEN CONSTITUTED</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Sl. No. Name of Tiger Reserve State</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1. Corbett Uttarakhand</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">2. Buxa West Bengal</div><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;"><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">3. Sunderbans West Bengal</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">4. Kaziranga Assam</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">5. Nameri Assam</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">6. Manas Assam</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">7. Namdapha Arunachal Pradesh</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">8. Pakke Arunachal Pradesh</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">9. Dampa Mizoram</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">10. Achanakmar Chhattisgarh</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">11. Udanti-Sitanadi Chhattisgarh</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">12. Indravati Chhattisgarh</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">13. *Kanha, Satpura, Pench, Madhya Pradesh</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Bandhavgarh, Panna & </div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Sanjay-Dubri </div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">14. Tadoba-Andhari Maharashtra</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">15. Pench Maharashtra</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">16. Melghat Maharashtra</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">17. Ranthambhore Rajasthan</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">18. Sariska Rajasthan</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">19. Similipal Orissa</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">20. Satkosia Orissa</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">21. Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Andhra Pradesh</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">22. Dandeli-Anshi Karnataka</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">23. Bhadra Karnataka</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">24. Bandipur Karnataka</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">25. Nagarahole Karnataka</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">26. Periyar Kerala</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">27. Parambikulam Kerala</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">28. Mudumalai Tamil Nadu</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">29. Kalakad Mundanthurai Tamil Nadu</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">30. Anamalai Tamil Nadu</div></span></div>Durga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-35893829473999997062011-08-14T22:41:00.000-07:002011-08-14T22:41:09.757-07:00Right to Education Act<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">Right to Education Act</strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Education is a fundamental human right, essential for the empowerment and development of an individual and the society as a whole. According to the UNESCO's 'Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2010 , about 135 countries have constitutional provision for free and non-discriminatory education for all. In 1950, India mad<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;">e a Constitutional commitment to provide <strong style="line-height: 16px;">free and compulsory education to all children up to the age of 14</strong>, by adding this provision in <strong style="line-height: 16px;">article 45</strong> of the directive principles of state policy.</span></div><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;"><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">With the <strong style="line-height: 16px;">86th Constitutional amendment on 12th December 2002, Article 21A</strong> was amended by the Constitution in order to introduce Right to Education as a fundamental right.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act finally came into force on <strong style="line-height: 16px;">1st April 2010</strong>. The Act provides for free and compulsory education to all children in the <strong style="line-height: 16px;">age group of six to fourteen years</strong>. It is now a legally enforceable duty of the Centre and the states, to provide free and compulsory education.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">The Act has the following major provisions</strong></div><ul style="line-height: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 35px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 16px;">Every child between the age of six to fourteen years, shall have the right to free and compulsory education in a neighbourhood school, till completion of elementary education.</li>
<li style="line-height: 16px;">For this purpose, no child shall be liable to pay any kind of fee or charges or expenses which may prevent him or her from pursuing and completing elementary education.</li>
<li style="line-height: 16px;">Where a child above six years of age has not been admitted to any school or though admitted, could not complete his or her elementary education, then, he or she shall be admitted in a class appropriate to his or her age.</li>
<li style="line-height: 16px;">For carrying out the provisions of this Act, the appropriate government and local authority shall establish a school, if it is not established, within the given area, <strong style="line-height: 16px;">within a period of three years</strong>, from the commencement of this Act.</li>
<li style="line-height: 16px;">The Central and the State Governments shall have concurrent responsibility for providing funds for carrying out the provisions of this Act.</li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">This Act is an essential step towards improving each child's accessibility to secondary and higher education. The Act also contains specific provisions for disadvantaged groups, such as child labourers, migrant children, children with special needs, or those who have a disadvantage owing to social, cultural, economical, geographical, linguistic, gender or any such factor. With the implementation of this Act, it is also expected that issues of school drop out, out-of-school children, quality of education and availability of trained teachers would be addressed in the short to medium term plans.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The enforcement of the <strong style="line-height: 16px;">Right to Education Act</strong> brings the country closer to achieving the objectives and mission of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Education for All (EFA) and hence is a historic step taken by the Government of India.</div></span></div>Durga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-1164693943525470892011-08-14T22:40:00.002-07:002011-08-14T22:40:41.429-07:00Draft National Food Security Bill, 2011<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Sonia Gandhi-led National Advisory Council (NAC) approved the draft National Food Security Bill , 2011 which aims to make provision of food support to people facing hunger a duty of the state. </div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
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</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The historic Food Security Bill entitles 75% of India's population to highly-subsidized foodgrains.</div><ul style="line-height: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 35px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 16px;"> The Bill says two types of households are eligib<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;">le for discounted grain - <strong style="line-height: 16px;">"priority households"</strong> which are below the poverty line (BPL); and "<strong style="line-height: 16px;">general households</strong>" which consist of Lower Middle Class families.</span></li>
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;"></span></ul><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;"><ul style="line-height: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 35px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 16px;">The bill guarantees subsidised foodgrains to at least 90 per cent of rural households, and 50 percent of urban households.</li>
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</div><ul style="line-height: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 35px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 16px;">According to the bill, 46 per cent of the rural and 28 per cent of urban households categorised as 'priority group' are entitled to receive foodgrains at 7 kg per head per month at Rs three, two and one for wheat or rice or millets respectively</li>
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</div><ul style="line-height: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 35px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 16px;">49 per cent of the rural and 22 per cent of urban households categorised as 'general group' are entitled to receive foodgrains at 4 kg per head per month at not more than 50 per cent of the MSP of the respective foodgrain.</li>
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</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The draft bill follows a life cycle approach and introduces a number of other universal guarantees, including nutrition support and maternity entitlements for pregnant women, nutrition support to children both in pre-school centres and in school, but also to all out of school children; destitute feeding and affordable meals for homeless and other needy urban populations; and special guarantees for starvation and emergencies. </div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It creates also a strong accountability framework for protection of these entitlements and allows imposition of fines on defaulters and compensation to the victim. </div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It also envisages a strong grievance redressal and monitoring system, from the centre to the block level</div></span></div>Durga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-25265772126220326912011-08-14T22:40:00.000-07:002011-08-14T22:40:07.810-07:00Lokpal Bill<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The Jan Lokpal Bill (Citizen's ombudsman Bill) is a draft anti-corruption bill drawn up by prominent civil society activists seeking the appointment of a Jan Lokpal, an independent body that would investigate corruption cases, complete the investigation within a year and envisages trial in the case getting over in the next one year.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Drafted <span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;">by Justice Santosh Hegde (former Supreme Court Judge and present Lokayukta of Karnataka), Prashant Bhushan (Supreme Court Lawyer) and Arvind Kejriwal (RTI activist), the draft Bill envisages a system where a corrupt person found guilty would go to jail within two years of the complaint being made and his ill-gotten wealth being confiscated. It also seeks power to the Jan Lokpal to prosecute politicians and bureaucrats without government permission.</span></div><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;"><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Retired IPS officer Kiran Bedi and other known people like Swami Agnivesh, Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, Anna Hazare and Mallika Sarabhai are also part of the movement, called India Against Corruption. Its website describes the movement as "an expression of collective anger of people of India against corruption. We have all come together to force/request/persuade/pressurize the Government to enact the Jan Lokpal Bill. We feel that if this Bill were enacted it would create an effective deterrence against corruption."</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
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</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Anna Hazare, anti-corruption crusader, began a fast-unto-death today, demanding that this bill, drafted by the civil society, be adopted. The website of the India Against Corruption movement calls the Lokpal Bill of the government an "eyewash" and has on it a critique of that government Bill. It also lists the difference between the Bills drafted by the government and civil society.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;"></strong></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: 16px;">A look at the salient features of Jan Lokpal Bill:</strong></div><strong style="line-height: 16px;"></strong><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"></div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1. An institution called LOKPAL at the centre and LOKAYUKTA in each state will be set up</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">2. Like Supreme Court and Election Commission, they will be completely independent of the governments. No minister or bureaucrat will be able to influence their investigations.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">3. Cases against corrupt people will not linger on for years anymore: Investigations in any case will have to be completed in one year. Trial should be completed in next one year so that the corrupt politician, officer or judge is sent to jail within two years.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">4. The loss that a corrupt person caused to the government will be recovered at the time of conviction.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">5. How will it help a common citizen: If any work of any citizen is not done in prescribed time in any government office, Lokpal will impose financial penalty on guilty officers, which will be given as compensation to the complainant.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">6. So, you could approach Lokpal if your ration card or passport or voter card is not being made or if police is not registering your case or any other work is not being done in prescribed time. Lokpal will have to get it done in a month's time. You could also report any case of corruption to Lokpal like ration being siphoned off, poor quality roads been constructed or panchayat funds being siphoned off. Lokpal will have to complete its investigations in a year, trial will be over in next one year and the guilty will go to jail within two years.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">7. But won't the government appoint corrupt and weak people as Lokpal members? That won't be possible because its members will be selected by judges, citizens and constitutional authorities and not by politicians, through a completely transparent and participatory process.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">8. What if some officer in Lokpal becomes corrupt? The entire functioning of Lokpal/ Lokayukta will be completely transparent. Any complaint against any officer of Lokpal shall be investigated and the officer dismissed within two months.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">9. What will happen to existing anti-corruption agencies? CVC, departmental vigilance and anti-corruption branch of CBI will be merged into Lokpal. Lokpal will have complete powers and machinery to independently investigate and prosecute any officer, judge or politician.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">10. It will be the duty of the Lokpal to provide protection to those who are being victimized for raising their voice against corruption.<strong style="line-height: 16px;"> </strong></div></span></div>Durga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3391009072516816515.post-34386359001763241902011-08-14T22:39:00.001-07:002011-08-14T22:39:27.615-07:00Ramon Magsaysay Award<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Ramon Magsaysay Award</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF), Newyork established the Award in May 1957, to honor Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay's example of integrity in government, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealism within a democratic society.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Ramon Magsaysay Award is often considered Asia's Nobel Prize.</div><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; line-height: 16px;"><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The first Ramon Magsaysay Awards were given on August 31, 1958.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Presentation Ceremonies are held annually in Manila on 31 August, the birth anniversary of the late President.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation (RMAF) presents it.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The awards are given in six categories:</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1. Government Service</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">2. Public Service</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">3. Community Leadership</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">4. Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">5. Peace and International Understanding</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">6. Emergent Leadership</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The Ramon Magsaysay Award is given to persons - regardless of race, nationality, creed or gender - who address issues of human development in Asia with courage and creativity, and in doing so have made contributions which have transformed their societies for the better.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The Magsaysay Award for Emergent Leadership seeks to inspire young people to apply their talents and energies to selfless and innovative service in Asia; this award category was created in 2000 with support from a Ford Foundation grant, and honors greatness of spirit among men and women forty years old and below.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Two hundred sixty-seven individuals and sixteen organizations have been named Magsaysay awardees since 1958.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The first year winners were - </div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1. Government Service - Chiang Mon Lin - Taiwanese</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">2. Public Service - Operation Brotherhood - Philippines</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">3. Community Leadership - Acharya Vinoba Bhave - Indian</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">4. Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts -</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Robert Dick, Philippines and Mochtar Lubis, Indonesia</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">5. Peace and International Understanding - Mary Rutnam, Srilanka</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Acharya Vinoba Bhave was the first Indian to win in 1958, in community leadership category.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">48 indians have till now awarded the price.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">2011 Magsaysay award winners from India Nileema Mishra and Harish Hande.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The other winners of the award for 2011 are: </div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Filipino charity group Alternative Indigenous Development Foundation Inc. (AIDFI); </div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Hasanain Juaini, who set up an Islamic school for girls in Indonesia;</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Tri Mumpuni, Indonesia, who promoted micro hydropower technology;</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Koul Panah, working to restore democracy in Cambodia.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Dr. Harish Hande, a U.S.-trained Indian engineer, was recognised for bringing solar lights to a country where half of the households have no power. The 44-year-old runs his own solar electric light company that has lit up over 1,20,000 households, to emerge as India's leading solar technology firm.</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Ms. Neelima Mishra, a lender to the poorest in Maharashtra, was recognised for “her purpose-driven zeal to work tirelessly with villagers in Maharashtra...to address both their aspirations and their adversities through collective action and heightened confidence.”</div></span></div>Durga Anushahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05974647033598681675noreply@blogger.com0